Digital Telecommunications and Network

A network is defined by Noergaard (2005) as a collection of two or more connected devices that can send or receive data. He further adds that the relationship between these connected devices in a network determines the total architecture. The purpose of this report is to understand the networked applications architectures. Two networking architectures are covered here; the client/server architecture and peer-to-peer architecture. The report first gives an outline of these two architectures and their advantages and disadvantages.It is seen that the industry divides its products on the concept of client-server model or peer-to-peer model. Some applications perform better with the former model while others perform better with the later model (Klemt 2005), 1992). Based on the understanding of this report, two separate scenarios for a basic networking application will be analysed. The idea will be to judge the type of networking architecture to be used for each scenario. Finally based on the entire analysis, a conclusion will be drawn as to which resource has to be used in what situation.Part 1: Review of Client/Server and P2P application architecture Client/Server architecture Client-network computing is one of the most basic paradigms of distributed computing, and this architecture is based on the paradigm as described by Jalote (2005). This architecture has a minimum of three components – a client, a server and a network that connects these two systems. This is a two level architecture where a client requests a service and the server provides it (Singh 2005). The server is usually accessed through a remote procedure called RPC, request of which is defined by their signature.The processing of the request is internal to the server and is transparent to the client. The client and server may be on different or same systems Advantages of client/server architecture Client server architecture using RPCs has been used for over a decade for system wide exchange com puting (Singh 2005). The main reason for this is the high level of reliability this architecture provides. It is also found that the cost of the entire system over a period of time is less than that used by other architectures.In addition, the architecture also enhances safety since any of its components can be removed without a major impact on the other system. This architecture leads to a better distribution of resources through the system. This architecture also leads to increased productivity because the front and back end distribution of processes is optimised (Jalote, 2005). Disadvantages of client/server architecture The main disadvantage of the client/server architecture is that there are multiple databases in the client/server environment, making the management and synchronizing of the data shared between them difficult.This also leads to a difficulty in software distribution and configuration management program, as the system is distributed. The cost of maintenance may als o increase because of the different networks being inter-networked. P2P architecture Peer-to-peer or P2P architecture is another way of managing distributed applications. In this method, the individual nodes have similar and comparable roles, unlike the client/server systems. In this architecture, the nodes are given roles such that both can act as client and server. This type of connection requires at least two computers connected to each other (Reid, 2004).In order to function correctly each node of the system should know the address of at least another node. Each node can directly contact the other node of the system for using its resources, without going trough the server (Heathcote & Langfield, 2004) Advantages of P2P Architecture This type of communication exists since the time of old IBM PCs. The primary advantage of a P2P network is that it is fault tolerant and there is no single location for the fault. This means that the system works well even when several of its componen ts are missing (Verma, 2004).Also the combination of processing power of multiple nodes in a network greatly increases the efficiency of the system in terms of combined processing power and storage when compared with a central server. P2P systems are hence extremely autonomous and can secure anonymity. They can be generally deployed in an ad hoc system without requiring central management or control. Finally, unlike the client/server systems there is no need for a separate network operating system (Reid, 2004). Disadvantages of P2P Architecture The manageability of peer-to-peer systems is much harder, due to the extremely distributed nature of the system.Security is also not centrally controlled and the users need to remember different passwords for accessing the resources located on different nodes on the network (Porter, 2006). Facilities such as backup are the responsibilities of the individual user unlike the client/server systems where the server can schedule them. This system works best for lesser number of systems in a network, usually under 10 (Reid, 2004). Part 2: The architecture of Mr. Robertson’s home network Network Architecture The architecture which I would suggest for Mr. Robertson’s home would be a peer—to-peer network.There is no necessity for a client/server model in this case. Also no type of hub system is required, since the application is very simple Justification As is already explained in the section above, a peer-to peer network is used for ease of applications without extra overload. The system works best for systems which having less than 10 systems. As Mr. Robertson’s system uses only two computers, the system is ideal for this purpose. In addition to this, the home network does not require the additional overhead of a server so a pure peer-to-peer system, one without any server (Subramanian & Goodman, 2005), can be used.The application mainly used is the file sharing which can be easily done. Also for us ing the internet, there is no necessity for the system to have simultaneous connections as is already mentioned in the example. While, to most intents and purposes, a printer application requires the use of a server so as to manage the print request being sent from multiple systems, this is clearly not the case here. The network should merely have the capability to receive print jobs from both the systems a simultaneous operational capability is not really required, as the application would not be too critical.In the worst case, the print job could be cancelled and given again. Finally, the use of a client server system would in addition to setting a server, also need additional components and software like an operating system, which is not required in this case, as there is no need for tasks like allocation resources, backups etc. Also, Mr Robertson gets the advantage of removing any of the two systems from the network at anytime, and the second component would work just as well, a s neither of the system is a server. Components for the home network In addition to the 2 computers and printers purchased by Mr.Robertson, he needs very few components to get his system up an running. He would need the cable modem, a twisted cable pair, media converter for running the internet through cable, a splitter and a print sharer. There is no necessity for a hub for such a system, which is necessary only if there are more than two computers on a network. The splitter would divide the internet connection to the two systems which will the function of the print sharer also. A wireless NIC or a wired one can be used to share the network. Only single numbers of components, except the connecting cables, are needed because there are only two computers.Topology of the home network The figure above shows the basic topology of the network. As explained above, there is no need for a hub for just 2 systems. The printer can be connected either via a print sharer or the software can be u sed to do that by accessing the network. Here, each computer can access the network printer. In addition, the cable connection that comes can be split into two using a splitter. This type of networking requires basic minimum of components and can be used for connecting systems on a home network. This system is extendable to more than two systems.The only difference would be that in that case, a hub would be used between the two systems instead of just a cable. Also the cable type, which is twisted in this case, might be changed for more than two computer systems, because of load factors. In this case also, there will not be any necessity for a server, as the printer tasks will be shared, but not scheduled or managed by an external system. Part 3: The architecture of the LAN of BC Inc. Network Architecture For the company’s LAN, a client server system is a must. There are only 16 systems, on the LAN would more than fulfil the application necessity.There are multiple applicatio ns needed for this system. There is the printer service which is multiple in numbers and locations. In addition, there is the obvious necessity for an email and web server for the business applications. All this necessitates are need for the use of a client/server model. Justification In many of the situations given above the peer-to-peer network fails to have any use. First and foremost is the number of systems. The P2P system is only suitable if the number of systems is less than 10, as mentioned earlier. Also it is not just the number of system that is a problem, since it is not a very huge network.Office applications as a rule need more features and functionality than a home based server, and so the load on the network contributed by each system is also a lot. In addition to this there is he additional necessity for security and backups as compared to the home networks. People usually prefer manual backups on their home networks, but almost all the companies insist on having sch eduled backups for the protection of data. In addition, the systems also need to have security updates with a controlled installation, which is not necessary for a home network, whose security necessities extend maximum to having a basic firewall.As in earlier case, due to data sensitivity, companies prefer to have all of these controlled rather than leaving it to the discretion of the office employees. There is an obvious burden due to the higher cost of installation and maintenance of the system. But this is more than compensated by the quality of security and safety levels given by such a system. Also since, there are only 16 employees in the system, it is logical to have the email server as the same as the network server. This is also true for the web server applications. However, here there is an assumption being taken.It is assumed that the company business is a small size, based on the number of people working there. This may very well not be the case. In addition to this, th e web sever installation might be mandatory on an external system, because of security reasons. For instance, the company might not want its intranet lined with its webserver to provide more security. This case might necessitate the need for a separate web server, though for this report, a single sever is being considered for now. Physical Components In addition to the computer systems and printers, the company needs many additional systems to make a network.First and the most important of this is the server system, which needs be high ended, with high processing power and speed. This is that the system can easily act as a intranet server, a mail server, and also the web server. In addition to this a router is essential for connecting to the internet via the DSL modem. Also there are multiple numbers of cables, based on the systems connected to the network. Since the system is connected via the Ethernet here, the internet being a DSL based one; the corresponding cables are also requ ired.The printer is connected to the server, which takes care of the scheduling the print jobs. The other servers, as mentioned earlier are situated on the main server itself. The figure above shows the scheme of the connection diagram. The above diagram is a very simplistic way of representation of the office network. As mentioned above, the server would be common from email and web applications, and also take care of the intra networking scheme. In addition, the various printers and DSL modem would be added to this server only.The server would need a network operating system and the main security firewalls and the protection schemes like the antivirus would be installed here. Ethernet would be the mode of interconnection in the network. The system can be extended when a new web server is required, which is separate from the present server. There can be another server attached to the present one which would take care of the business related websites etc. The connection would be res tricted so that only the purchase related or feedback related information is passed to the main server, which would then direct this information to the necessary client system.Conclusion In the report mentioned above, there were two types of networking architecture which were analysed. One was the client server architecture, which is one of the oldest networking schemes available. The system finds its use in complex networks having many systems, and necessity for multi-file sharing applications, common or shared database and also security. All these are provided by this system, which the case seen by the company example is being taken here.The operations are very complex with multi-printers and their multiple locations, the necessary for common access to the internet, and also the need for servers for websites and emails. Also the network needed security and will be needed managed access permission for files stored on the network. The restricted type of entry for a network is possib le only for a client and server type of architecture, which is what was proposed for this case. The company being an accounting firm would also need internal data restrictions and security issues, which can only be tacked by this architecture.In contrast, the home networking system is a very simple operation, which needs to have a mere connection to the internet and the use of a printer. There are no constraints of security or access restrictions on this systems and the main application need is a basic file share operation. For such a system a basic, peer-to-peer architecture is sufficient. There is no need for hubs also as there are only two systems. The network does not need any server based system which is too much of overkill here. Hence, using these two examples, the two types of networking architectures are explained here.

Global economic development Essay

If Gwlad want to achieve any economic growth and attain a strong economy as its neighbors in Western Europe it must carry out detailed SWOT analysis. Such an analysis involves determining the country’s strength, weakness, opportunities and threat. One of the major strength that Gwlad enjoys as a country is it strategic location. Being close to the most developed nation in the world then it will be easier to access and export goods abroad to a market which is willing and able to buy. The second strength is the relative peace that the country enjoys and that of the surrounding nation which means that foreign investors will be willing to set up businesses (Anderson, 2007). One of the main weaknesses in this country is low level of industrialization which will translate to low out put and therefore less export compared to other country in the surrounding. Also with a population of just 3 million people it means that the aggregate demand is very low and for multinational who want to venture into such country and market their produce, the low demand expected for their products may discourage them. Furthermore this country seems to be expecting poor infrastructure and this raises the cost of doing business which discourage foreign direct investment (root 2006). The low level of services may be another hindrance to foreign direct investment. Foreign investors Global economic development 2 values a strong financial system that is able to allocate capital efficiently, mobilizing saving, monitor firms, share and diversity risk with the low level of GDP the consumers’ purchasing power is weak and therefore this further reduces the aggregate demand and output levels in the country. Also the country relies on few sectors to support the economy and there is a need to expand on such areas (Carroll, 2006). One of the major threat that the country faces is competition form rivals who are well established and their industries have become stable such that they are able to supply goods in the global market at low cost. Secondly since the country is not a member of European Union then members may impose both tariff and non tariff barriers to trade from goods exported from Gwlad which will increase the prices of good exported on members country. High prices will discourage consumers’ consumption of such goods which will ultimately reduce export and affect the country’s balance of payment. The country should take steps to proceed with privatization of most public corporations since such move encourage foreign direct investment and also improves on transparency and good governance of such companies (ridout, 2005). Since the financial system play a pivotal role on the growth of an economy the government should implement policies designed to streamline the sector. To encourage investment in the country then it is also vital to revise its taxation policies and develop a scheme geared towards benefiting foreign business. Entry of multinationals in the domestic market have some adverse effects in that some of the domestics firm are not strong enough to compete favorably with foreign firms such that they require protection from the government. Therefore the government Global economic development 3 should develop policy geared towards protecting domestic firms and also protecting capital flight which mostly affect the balance of payment of the country if not taken into consideration. To ensure that employment level in the country rises and that multinational does not take advantage of lack of employment policies to bring in expatriate even in areas where local can work then labor policies should be drawn which includes issues of minimal wages to be paid. Regional trading blocks such as the EU and others aid international trade by reducing or eliminating both tariff and not tariff barriers to trade therefore incase Gwlad want to participate more in the global market then it should realign its foreign policies which will enable it to be accommodated in such trading blocks. Active signing of both bilateral and multilateral agreement is necessary in improving penetration to foreign market thereby improving on export which translates to a higher GDP (melchet, 2005). CASE STUDY 2 Though strategic location and the issue of wages rate are considered by a foreign investor in determining whether to invest in a certain country or not, there are other major factors which are first considered. The availability of energy and associated cost are given priority in manufacturing industries since energy cost comprises a huge percentage of manufacturing cost hence one of the main determinants in making investment decision. The level of infrastructure is also considered by business. The possibility of growth and political stability should also be an integral part of such a marketing strategy since these two factors will determine whether a business will grow in foreign market. Through most of the study conducted it has also been proved that vibrant financial system Global economic development 4 also plays a major role in encouraging FDI (zedillo, 2005). On marketing Gwlad I would include such issues as tax system which benefit inventors e. g. tax allowance on investment. To increase foreign income from tourism then issues such as beautiful scenery and variety of wildlife have to be included. Further more technology play a major role in global market and therefore a mention of the technological achievement and possible advancement in technology should be included in the countries marketing strategy as firms currently rely on technology in performing it core business. Case Study 3 Technology advancement have led countries like china and Japan to be the most industrialized and leading exporters in the global Market. Consequently their economy have grown and a country like china with a population higher than the whole of Africa have been able to support its citizen and even offer loans and grant to other nations. Though technological advancement is key to economic development it has to be matched with good governance and visionary leaders who are able to inspire their people to reach new height (Polanski, 2004). In developing the economic policy there are others sectors which should be considered. This includes, health, financial sector which includes among other banks, insurance market, and the capital market and aerospace and automotive sectors in the transport industry. Case Study 4 One of the major strength of developing domestic companies is that it protects capital Global economic development 5 freight which adversely affects the balance of payment and the exchange rate. Domestic companies mostly employ people from within the country which reduces the level of unemployment. The income generated by domestic firms is usually re invested back thereby improving in economic growth. Some of the other income which is distributed as dividend to the owner increases the level of aggregate demand and saving levels due to increase in disposable income. Where aggregate demand increases business will be forced to produce more goods which lead to their growth and expansion (McDonnell, 2003). As saving levels increase businesses will have available capital for investment and through the multiplier effect where investment increase the GDP will also increase therefore accelerating the economic growth of the country. If steps are taken to develop domestic companies then they may grow to a level of being multinationals which will generate foreign income to the country. One of the major threats in developing domestic companies is that in case of harsh economic condition they may not withstand and therefore collapse. There are also possibility of political interference in the management and operation of such firms. Due to the limited fund available it may not be possible to avail all the required capital for expansion which means that such business will be operating below capacity and there will be under utilization of resources. Further more the economy can grow at a very low rate if only the domestic business are relied upon to accelerate growth. Lack of competition will be another weakness in that business will not improve on core area of performance such as technology therefore products will be of low quality and higher Global economic development 6 price with inability o compete in global market. Where competition lack then there is low level of creativity and innovation in products and service development therefore the economy will lag behind (Coparosa, 2004). Where the country is able to attract foreign direct investment then it is able to improve on technological advancement since such investors transfer technology to the host country. Further more since the country is experiencing a capital rationing this foreign firms do not require any form of financing from government and the funds available could be used to develop other sectors where foreign companies are unwilling to invest. Furthermore this foreign firm introduces competition which forces business to produce goods effectively and efficiently. The major threat of encouraging multinationals to invest in the country is that they can kill local industries incase where such firms are not able to compete favorably. Some of the multinational which occupies a greater stake in the economy sometimes dictate or influence the policy made by government to their advantage since where e government fail to comply they threaten to withdraw. One of the main weaknesses of using FDI is the issue of capital flight. Most usually send the profit generated from its operation back to it parent company which adversely affect the economy. However such businesses are able to sustain harsh economic condition and also improve the level of infrastructure in the host country. In using combination strategy the government ensures that domestic firms grow while at the same time attracting foreign direct investment which steers the economic growth. There should be a balance between protecting domestic firms and maintaining Global economic development 7 environment which enables foreign firms to compete fairly with domestic firms (Roca, 1983) Due to shortage of funds that the country experience and other benefits that accrue from having FDI it is advisable that the country employs a combination of strategy if it aim to achieve faster economic development. Case study 5 In persuading multinationals to develop local supply chain then the country have to change policies on taxation of this foreign firms. Issues such as tax allowance on investment can encourage such multinational to set up business to take such advantages of allowance. Also policies that streamline the financing system are also important since the financial system is a factor considered by multinational before venturing into any market. To encourage multinational to undertake research and development in the country then the country should have a well designed policy concerning copyright, trade marks or use of intellectual property. Also where commercial services such as advertising, local research firms and professional service are established and well regulated then multinational can be motivated to use such services. Furthermore policies concerning regional integration are important since it assist business to supply it commodity to other international market without barriers to trade both tariff and non tariff therefore improving on it competiveness in the global market. In addition the transport system is necessary for efficient operation of any supply chain therefore policies should be designed to improve such systems. Global economic development 8 CASE STUDY 6 Where a country is a member of the EU then there is no obstacle on free movement of goods, people and capital therefore the country can easily market and export its goods to members countries thereby improving on its balance of payment. Through the European social fund then the country will be able to improve on its level of employment thereby raising the standard of living of its citizen. The creation of European investment bank will facilitate the economic expansion of the country through creation of new resources. The EU has also developed a well established system of ensuring that competition is fair in the common markets which will therefore means that weak members states such as Gwlad are not exploited or taken advantage of by other strong and developed nations. However being such a member of EU then you have to adopt a common custom tariff and common commercial policy towards non members which may therefore reduce the country aggressiveness to participate in the global market. Countries such as China, Brazil and Australia are the new fastest growing economy in the world hence they provide a ground on which new market can be found. Further more bilateral and multilateral agreement with such country can be more beneficial than joining a trading block for a country with a weak economy (godison, 1988). For a country like Gwlad which need to achieve faster economic development it need to develop free trade agreement with this growing economies as they present a better opportunity for growth than a trading block. CASE STUDY 7 Global economic development 9 One of the merit of having a cluster development policy is having a balanced economy in that you do not allow foreign firm to dominate the local market but also give chance for domestic business to grow and reach a level at which they can compete in the global market . having both local and foreign firm present multinational from influencing government policy with threat to with draw since their position will be taken up by local firms. One of the problems inherent in such a cluster development policy is development of policy which attracts foreign entity while at the same time ensuring protection to domestic firms. The best option of organizing sector development is having specific policies that take special need of each sector rather than general policies which just give a general outlay instead of specific guideline for sector development (madon, 1997). CASE STUDY 8 As the company is ready to employ 30,000 people this will be a great boost to the economy as it will reduce the level of unemployment and ultimately increase the GDP. However where foreign suppliers are contracted to supply good rather than local suppliers this will lead to loss of business and capital flight from the country. Furthermore the demand by this firm that the country liars with the host country of these suppliers to request for a tax break may be an added cost to the country as they may in return ask for other favors which may hurt the economy. The government should agree to give research and development grant but not succumb to demand of allowing foreign supplies to be contracted as this will erode most of the benefit generated. Global economic development 10 References Anderson, AT 2007, ‘Developing m-services: lessons learned from the developers perspective,’ Communication of AIS, VOL. 2007, issue 20. Carroll, M 2006, ‘An interview with Prime Minister Lee,’ Institutional Investors, vol. 40, issue 9. Caporaso, J 2004,’Dependence, dependency, and power in the global system: a structure and behavioral analysis,’ International Organization, Vol. 32 Issue 1. Emerging Markets Debt Report 2000, ‘Political risk: Thumbs up for Brazil, Stormy Clime in Vennie,’ Vol. 13 Issue 4. Godison, N 1988,’London’s place in the global securities market,’ International Affairs, Vol. 64 Issue 4. Madon, S 1997,’Information-Based Global Economy and Socioeconomic Development: The Case of Bangalore,’ Information Society, Vol. 13 Issue 3. Melchet, L 2005,’The Age of Environmental Impasse? Globalization and Environmental Transformation of Metropolitan Cities,’ Development & Change, Vol. 36 Issue 5. Global economic development 11 McDonnell, I & Lecomte 2003,’ Public Opinion and the Fight against Poverty,’ DAC Journal, Vol. 4 Issue 2. polenske, K 2004,’ Competition, Collaboration and Cooperation: An Uneasy Triangle in Networks of Firms and Regions,’ Regional Studies, Vol. 38 Issue 9.

Study Habit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study Habit - Essay Example ts college because I plan my studying ahead of time, I no longer procrastinate, and I communicate with my teacher and peers regarding schoolwork, while in high school, I study only when there is an exam, I wait until almost deadline before writing, and I have communication anxiety with my teachers regarding schoolwork. I can do better with my college study habits by practicing more effective note-taking that fits my learning style as a visual learner and including study habits that can improve the originality of my writing. In high school, I do not plan ahead when studying, while in college, I schedule my studying activities. High school is more lax for me, where I study only when there are upcoming exams. As a high school student, my time is consumed through completing assignments, performing extra-curricular activities, and spending time with friends and family. College has changed my perspective in studying where I learned the role of planning to the efficient management of numerous class assignments and activities. I prepare myself for test days by seeing each piece of homework as an opportunity to study deeper. I study deeper through doing extra reading on the topic and asking and answering questions related to it. For example, in one of my classes, my teacher discussed writing strategies. I wanted to know more about punctuations that are used for rhetorical emphasis, so I studied that on my own. In order to study more comprehensively and intensively, I plan my studying schedule by breaking down r eading materials and assigning specific dates and times for reading and note-taking. I already have a mobile application for scheduling my studying activities that even remind me an hour before of that activity. This application helps me organize schoolwork more efficiently. I organize my life now according to studying needs and not organize studying according to social life needs. Through these activities, I am mentally and psychologically prepared of my future

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Company Law - Essay Example   Explanations of the options available to John with reference to relevant statutory provisions and case law On the initiative undertaken by John with regards to changing the legal formality of the business, there are a number of options available; I would advise him to incorporate his business since it will offer him a number of advantages relating to returns and management of the business. Incorporation entails the aspect of registering a business entity under the companies’ Act where it runs its activities as a separate legal entity in which the owner is free from the liabilities of the business. The following are the benefits attached to incorporation of a business: a. The business once registered as a separate entity i.e. as a company, it acquires independent corporate existence features, upon these features, the owner is distinct from the company and therefore cannot bear any liability of the company or be compelled to pay any debt owed by the entity.1 b. The business once registered will start living its own legal life upon which all the liabilities which John in his earlier sole proprietorship, would to bear as an entrepreneur. He will be protected by having limited liabilities in that only the charges for shares and capital he will incur after which his personal property, is safeguarded from any liability the company may suffer. c. A company has a characteristic of perpetual existence and under this feature cannot end unless under the provided legal mechanisms. Once he registers his business as a company, it has ability to never die as the death of the owner cannot affect the existence of the company.2 d. The company once registered, is required to be run by professionals and proper management will be achieved unlike other modes of running business activities. e. Unlike in his current business organisation, a company once registered under the Act t acquires the ability to own separate property in that, it can hold the property in its own name and this deters any other persons even its directors, from claiming the company’s assets. f. Also, with the ability to transfer the shares of the company, there is a room to raise more capital further facilitating the aspect of increasing production by expanding business activities. g. The aspect of incorporation also attracts numerous merits of taxations. This achievement of saving taxes is done through for instance, leasing company’s property from which one reduce the amount of tax paid since the holders of such leases are to pay property taxes. This advantage has been well developed in our jurisprudence such as in the case of Macaura V Northern Assurance ltd, whereby in this case the claimant who had the majority shareholding of the company had gone to court to claim for compensation from an insurance company upon the fire tragedy which burnt all the company properties, their honourable justices were of the opinion that the companies properties belong to the company and not the holder of the large number shares and only the company through its agents can claim this compensation. This position clearly outlines the fact that the properties of the company are safeguarded as those of the company and in case of any damage on them still the members of the company cannot be held liable of the same. h. By creation of an independent corporate existence, the owner will be able to keep a private and confidential identity away from that of business.3 i. Also when he

The Incidents at the UCSD Campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Incidents at the UCSD Campus - Essay Example When looking at the occurrences and seeing the reaction of the perpetrators even after their actions were being denounced by their academic institutions and the public, the perpetrators continued to fan the flames by referring to the offended students as â€Å"ungrateful niggers.† This racially inflammatory rhetoric not only displayed their insensitivity but also was a provocation, which could have easily escalated into a grave situation. The fact that a noose was hung in a public location such as the public library really takes these events to the next level and was inciting some type of reaction on the African American communities behalf. A symbol such as a flag being displayed in a public setting has a very different meaning than that of a noose and therefore these symbols should not be protected under the First Amendment. The history of nooses cannot be ignored. It has long since been a symbol of killing, death and lynching that African Americans were subjected to until only very recently in America. The United States has a history of injustice perpetrated at African Americans and these actions should be condemned because they have led us in a direction that society has worked so hard at putting behind. The United States strives to be a country of equality and acceptance. We have worked hard to pass legislation that protects our citizens; a threat to a person or group of people should be taken very seriously and protected by law. Some could argue that the right to exercise free speech allows people to express themselves without censorship and the right to express themselves without fear of being punished. They would argue that this is exactly what has led to the progress and acceptance of African Americans in society. However, these threats were meant to intimidate a group according to their race and put students that were in an environment to learn into a hostile environment where they were repeatedly being targeted by hateful and racist messages.

How the Mongol Empire Conquered Topography Essay

How the Mongol Empire Conquered Topography - Essay Example That is to say, the people living within this landlocked area have historically been bestowed with a choice of inhabiting three biomes: Desert, Mountains, or cold Taga. As these are similarly difficult to settle in and survive, the Mongols led nomadic patterns along the steppe - those mid-areas at the cusp of Mountain plateaus, off the lines of parched expanses. This steppe of the Gobi desert can be characterized as rocky lands covered in layers of sand. The Mongol civilization developed as one of the world's first nomadic groups, cradled between mountain and desert. But here is where also developed one of Asia's most powerful empires. The contradiction is intriguing. What would nomadic tribes endlessly wandering undulating terrain have to do with the powerful Mongol Empire, which under the rule of Genghis Khan, moved armies across huge expanses of terrain, despite difficult topography, to conquer adjacent civilizations to the east and west Many maintain that was precisely the work of Genghis Khan and his closest successors, including Kublai Khan. Indeed, the height of the Mongols really only lasted from the 13th to the 14th century. Other factors pertaining to how the Mongols dealt with their geography come into play, for example, the methods they used for centuries to move across terrain, climate patterns, and population density. For centuries Mongols were known as pastoralists and nomads. Mongol tribes appeared around 500 BC, already carrying their proportion of horses.1 They wandered, while in nearby lands of China, people were beginning their Imperial Era as early as 220 BC.2 On the steppe, the Mongols herded cattle along Gobi oases, seldom traveling in clans larger than one or two families.3 In comparison to the frozen Mongol development, civilization boomed quite effortlessly south of the steppe. Within the fertile river basins of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, China's multiple units successfully accommodated a mixed economy of commerce, farming, handicrafts and pastoralism. Internal competition also allowed science and technology as well as literature and art to thrive on the East Asian Mainland. This was known as "a hundred flowers blossoming" (baijia zhengming, literally "a grand song contest with one hundred contenders").4 But meanwhile in nomadic ambling across a rocky desert, trudging through shifting sands, the Mongols carried out their civilization, seemingly without a trace. For hundreds of years, up to 600-800 A.D., the Mongols had still left little evidence of their cultural existence, in terms of pottery or cultivation, and settled in not a single village.5 It has been said that Genghis Khan made the Moguls a strong empire by first unifying the Mongolian tribes. Previously known as Tem Jin, then "Granted the title Genghis Khan, he reorganized the Mongolian military and established the civil laws of his empire. His reforms included breaking tribal armies, implementing a meritocracy, developing a cavalry and a code of written laws".6 The interesting aspect of this quotation is in the explication of tribal activities. By converting many tribes into a single unified people, and then extinguishing individual clan ties, Genghis Khan ensured that the Mongols would become an empire by removing all

Doctoral statistical methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Doctoral statistical methods - Essay Example These involve observation of track behavior, responses and associate it with the sound trigger. However, the assessors may apply quantitative analyses to determine the experiences of the 33 women. Quantitative data are used when the factors being analyzed are countable (Chiang 2003). The results of which are extrapolated to draw general deductions on whole populations. These methods analyze and explain data in relation to a phenomenon; furthermore, it provides guidance in the presentation of data. The responses are studied for randomness and systematic sequences (Chiang 2003). The assessors correlate prenatal experiences with effects to sound by assessing the propensity to suckle in response to the most familiar readings. Consequently, the assessor must acknowledge the occurrences of sampling errors that may emanate from unique cases with the babies. These include the hearing ability, brain development, the general mood and appetite of the infant. Qualitative readings are represented scientifically in histograms, graphs and charts (Chiang 2003). However, quantifiable data are summarized to measure the correlation, variability and central tendencies. Merging of the two methods in a mixed approach provides a comprehensive answer that determines the responses of speech and language amidst

Creating a Plan for Positive Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating a Plan for Positive Influence - Essay Example In any organization, human capital is an essential asset in achieving set objectives. Therefore, as a team leader, understanding that each team member is unique is a step in the right direction. A team, therefore, presents a host of knowledge, personality, and competencies, which when tapped can yield great results. If the project is to be successful, we must have a plan that incorporates each team member’s attitude, values, emotions, and personalities. Team Performance and Effectiveness Achieving the best performance from a team requires â€Å"paying attention to four important dimensions: team member effort, team member knowledge and skills, team tactics, and group dynamics† (Browning, 2007). Hancock also claims that teamwork is the first step towards team success (1999). Therefore, determining the ability of the formed team to realize its mandate requires consideration of values, attitudes, personality, and emotions of each member. Values Values significantly shape w ork attitude. According to Maxwell, â€Å"Values define a team and give it a unique identity† (2009). He further states, â€Å"†¦a team’s values attract people with like values to the team† (p. 15). The desire to achieve professional goals is often affected by values. Therefore, realizing team success demands redirecting personal values towards set goals. Personality Personality defines an individual's characteristics. Since individuals  strive  to find a  niche  suitable for their personality, team members should be scanned for compatibility (Nettle, 2007). Research has proven that individuals with proactive  personality  have excellent chances of success. Such individuals are motivated and enthusiastic. Attitudes and Emotions In 2001, Elwood & Chapman stated that team success depends more on  attitude  than technical achievement. Thus, a team leader who knows how to build a positive attitude among team members can achieve high  productiv ity. On the other hand, emotions, which are human reaction to stimulus, can greatly affect team performance if not checked. Easily angered persons can bring down the entire team with them. As a team leader, communicating the mission of the team to members is crucial. This will reduce chances of diversion and instill values necessary for success. Employees are organizations’ ambassadors. Therefore, their behaviors play a significant role in organization’s success. As such, any new idea, incorporated into the team, must be done after consultation. This will ensure that the new ideas do not conflict with team member’s personal life, resulting in dedication and willingness to abide. Team Differences The team is made of people with different personalities. However, these differences will not affect the effectiveness of the team in any way. Instead, they will act as the foundation on which the team’s strength lies, knowing that member’s reactions and per ceptions to situations are different. An assessment of the various aspects of the team revealed exciting news, a further indication that we are destined for success. First, the assessment revealed that the team is comprised of individuals with professional work attitude, which means they are aware of the boundary between private life and work. Secondly, it revealed satisfaction of most members with their jobs, which means they put all their effort in team success. Satisfaction, Performance

North Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

North Africa - Essay Example It is a common misconception that the clusters of nations that make up the continent of Africa are just that, and nothing more. The lack of familiarity, and hence appreciation for these uniquely diverse groups of peoples and cultures perpetuates a stigma of uniformity that belies the truth. What many fail to realize is that, approximately one billion people, made up of nearly 3000 ethnic groups speaking in 2000-3000 different languages (Kaiser 15 January 2013), inhabit this majestic continent. All general notions of uniformity dealt and disposed with, I would like to take a closer look at the specific region of North Africa in order to discuss the larger historical, cultural and social influences, and the effect that they have impressed upon the music in this subcontinent.North Africa has a very influential historical background which is distinctively composed of many civilizations, empires and kingdoms; for instance, the Nok Civilization which remained in power from 500BCE to 200CE (approximate figures) similarly the Kingdom of Ghana which maintained its authority over the continent from 830 to 1235. The African continent is inhabited by emigrants belonging to different parts of the world who until the 20th century did not even consider themselves as Africans (Kaiser, Africa and Ethnomusicology). The word ‘Africa’ is derived from Arabic term Ifriqiye which was an expression for the coastal areas of North Africa. Slavery carried diverse groups of people to the African land who were then recognized as one, which ultimately developed the basic thought of Africa among the residents of many countries. The extremely brutal form of slavery led the scholars of the black population; particularly those who had left their ancestral land and migrated to North Africa to conduct anti-slave campaigns. By the end of the 19th century the term ‘Africa’ was familiar among traders and intellectuals surrounding the coastal towns as the ‘rich diversi ty’. Due to this the modern day Africans are known to be the descendants of aboriginal Berber and Egyptian populace, in addition to the people of Greek, Phoenician and Roman civilizations, Moor as of Iberian Peninsula along with Arabs and Jewish. Also Sub-Saharan African who came and settled in North Africa due to distant trading and slavery. People from France, Corsica, Malta, etc. are also found in the present day North Africa (Kaiser, CD Problems?). Africans because of their rich historical background and affluent diversity among inhabitants have different religious beliefs and practices in addition to integrated music, art, drama and dance. As a result of diverse Diaspora the music of North America is influenced by their religious beliefs, spirituality, and nature; it characterizes the groups and individuals as per their prior conditions and musical abilities (Kaiser, Africa and Ethnomusicology). Material cultural Africans have their own distinctive music style which comp els Westerners to recognize their special music as the ‘African Sound’. The basic idea behind their unique music style is concealed under racial unity, geographic harmony, communal politics/history/economy and above all the cultural concord. African maintain their own cultural attitude which is closely associated with the folklore and actual life events, incorporated in to routine life, active participation in music, drama, dance or visual arts. Ultimately all of these are related to their religious beliefs and nature (Kaiser, Africa and Ethnomusicology). The concept of music does not only encompass the typical music style rather it also includes education, sports and work in addition to visual art, playing instruments, poetry, singing and dancing. Furthermore it includes sounds of humans, animals and instruments as voices, there is a call and response relationship, strong link between motion and rhyme, sound, shape and feeling in the music (Kaiser, Africa a

Describe Dispositional and Situational Factors in Explaining Behavior Essay Example for Free

Describe Dispositional and Situational Factors in Explaining Behavior Essay Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behavior Both situation and dispositional factors play a significant role in people explaining behavior. (in that they guide the judgment on both our actions and people’s actions. ) Attribution theory, known as how people interpret and explain behavior in the social world, is closely related to these two factors. People tend to attribute behavior depending on their roles as actors or observers, known as the actor-observer effect. Milgram’s study (1963) investigated the role of situation and dispositional factors in participants explaining their own behavior. Nine out of twelve participants completed the task under the researcher’s authoritative guidance. The participants considered the task unethical so they attributed their negative behavior to the researcher’s guidance instead of the dispositional factor, such as their personality. When people explain their own behavior, they tend to attribute it to situation factors such as the interference from the authority. Zimbardo et al (1973) conducted an experiment in Stanford’s prison to investigate the role of actor-observer effect. Participants were assigned with either the role of prisoners or the role of guards. In the experiment, both the guards and prisoners were very dedicated into their acting roles. Most of the prisoners obeyed the guards because the guards imposed violent behavior to the prisoners. It is found that the prisoners believed and attributed the guard’s violent behavior to the guard’s dispositional factor. When people observe other’s behavior, they usually attribute it to dispositional factor such as personality. Therefore, with the knowledge of the prison as a simulation, the prisoners still obeyed the guards like they were real guards who always acted violently. People usually attribute their behavior to situational factors when they perform the behavior. Whereas, people attribute others’ behavior to dispositional factor when they are the observers.

Huckleberry Finn Moral Development Changes

Huckleberry Finn Moral Development Changes Introduction Mark Twain’s novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (2006a, pp.1-504), first published in 1884, starts out in a small fictional town of St. Petersburg in Missouri situated close to the Mississippi River, and is set a few decades before the outbreak of the American Civil War. The story is narrated by the protagonist, Huck, and follows his journey wherein he is faced with a number of moral choices, which subsequently lead him to question the morality and supposedly ‘civilised’ nature of society, outgrowing his own instincts of self-preservation and moral deviancy in the process. Using Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76), this essay will analyse how and why Huck begins to take responsibility for his own moral choices, rejecting the prescribed morality of some of the authority figures in his life and accepting that of others, thus demonstrating how life experiences of kindness and cruelty can affect the development of an individual’s mortality. Huck’s Initial Absence of Morality At the opening of the novel, the reader finds Huck feeling restricted after being placed in the guardianship of Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. This occurs after he has come into possession of a large sum of money as a result of his earlier adventures with friend, Tom Sawyer – who, of course, features alongside Huck in Twain’s earlier text, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (2006b, pp.1-375) – and is placed under the widow’s guardianship by a judge who hopes she can â€Å"sivilize† him (Twain, 2006a, p.7) by teaching him the Christian faith. Huck is keen to demonstrate that her attempts have been unsuccessful, describing his desire to join up with Tom’s gang of thieves rather than being trapped in such a respectable household, feeling cramped and sweaty in the new clothes she makes him wear, and being frustrated at not being allowed to smoke, curse or slouch (Twain, 2006a, pp.7-9). He is dismissive of the morality contained within the religious teachings that the widow offers him, noting that he has no interest in the dead are they are â€Å"no good to anybody, being gone† (Twain, 2006a, p.9), and even goes so far as to tell the widow that he would prefer to go to Hell rather than Heaven, because he could â€Å"see no advantage in going where she was going† (Twain, 2006a, p.9). He is similarly pleased to hear that the widow believes Tom Sawyer will go to Hell (Twain, 2006a, p.10), as that means they will be together, showing his flippant approach to serious issues (Blair, 1973, p.138). He also demonstrates his tendency to lie (Twain, 2006a, p.53), steal (Twain, 2006a, p.32), and exhibit his prejudices, such as can be seen in his initial stereotyping of the black slave, Jim, who Huck repeatedly disregards as a simple â€Å"nigger† (Twain, 2006a, p.22). Huck’s morality at this point corresponds well with the ‘pre-conventional’ (otherwise known as the ‘pre-moral’) stage identified in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76), wherein the individual’s behaviour is dictated by self-interest and self-preservation. His avoidance of further arguments with the widow regarding Heaven and Hell, for instance, is not a mark of respect for the woman trying to raise him as her son, but rather a recognition that pursuing his point would â€Å"only make trouble† for himself (Twain, 2006a, p.9). His response is dictated by the possibility of punishment or gain, rather than by a moral sense of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ (Kohlberg, 1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76). This is also demonstrated by Huck’s adherence to superstitious behaviour and beliefs, such as his worry that burning a spider will bring him bad luck, his use of horseshoes to frighten bad spirits, and the binding of his hair to ward off witches (Twain, 2006a, p.10). However, it is important to note the distinct lack of authority figures in Huck’s life that would have provided him with moral guidance and ensured his beliefs did not become confused during his early childhood. Bloom (2005, n.p.) supports this by stating that â€Å"Huck is an impoverished and uneducated orphan who [has to] raise himself in a corrupt and bigoted world†. Little information is supplied about Huck’s mother, but Huck reveals that he was regularly beaten by his father (Twain, 2006a, p.23) and thus reacts to Pap Finn’s unannounced return with fear and suspicion (Twain, 2006a, p.25), concerned that his father is after his fortune. Although Widow Douglas treats him with kindness, he is initially resistant to the love and lessons of morality she offers him. Altschuler (1989, p.31) notes that Huck’s early experiences are the reason why he cannot accept Widow Douglas as a substitute mother figure at this stage. Altschuler (1989, p.31) observes that his moral development would likely have been stunted during early childhood, as â€Å"motherless children have great difficulty developing into moral human beings†. Viewed in regard to child attachment theory (Bowlby, 1988, cited in Waters et al, 2005, pp.80-84), Huck’s comments regarding the non-importance of moral lessons given by those who are â€Å"[long] gone† (Twain, 2006a, p.9) and his subsequent trust issues are particularly pertinent, as they suggest Huck’s ability to form paternal attachments has become disorientated (Ainsworth et al., 1978, p.282). Huck’s ‘Bad’ Morality, Personal Sympathy and Dilemma of Conscience After being placed in the custody of his father and moved to an isolated cabin, Huck fakes his own death in elaborate fashion (Twain, 2006a, pp.35-36) before escaping down-river to Jackson’s Island. He appears to feel no remorse for doing so. It is here that Huck re-encounters Jim, the black slave of Miss Watson, who Huck discovers has also run away (Twain, 2006a, p.43). It is at this point that the protagonist is faced with the first of the series of moral questions which serve to define his character as the novel progresses. Huck initially agrees to help Jim escape to freedom, although he recognises that by keeping his promise to not inform the authorities, he would be thought of by others as a â€Å"low-down Abolitionist and despise[d]† (Twain, 2006a, p.44) – an idea which he is clearly affected by later, as he decides to betray his friend and turn him over to the authorities. It is anticipation of their arrival in ‘free’ country that sparks Huck’s intended betrayal – he realises that he will be considered an accomplice of Jim’s because, although he did not actually help Jim with his initial escape, he has remained silent since (Twain, 2006a, pp.79-80). As can be seen in the passage outlined below, Huck’s conscience is very much orientated towards a white, middle-classed conception of morality wherein the concepts of ownership, law and order are valued much more highly than a slave’s right to freedom: ‘Conscience says to me: ‘What had poor Miss Watson done to you, that you could see her nigger go off right under your eyes and never say one single word? What did that poor old woman do to you, that you could treat her so mean?’’ (Twain, 2006a, p.80). Huck is even more horrified to learn that Jim intends to free his family one way or the other, and is prepared to ‘steal’ them away in order to ensure their safety. He is unable to view Jim’s family as anything other than another man’s property, and feels compelled to turn him in as soon as he is able: ‘Here was this nigger which I had as good as helped to run away, coming right out flat-footed and saying he would steal his children—children that belonged to a man I didn’t even know; a man that hadn’t ever done me no harm My conscience got to stirring me up hotter than ever, until at last I says to it: ‘I’ll paddle ashore at first light, and tell.’’ (Twain, 2006a, p.81). In terms of moral development, this passage (and subsequent events) sees Huck entering into the second stage identified by Kohlberg (1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76), which is known as the ‘conventional’ stage of morality. Although Huck has begun to accept some form of morality (i.e. by trying to determine what is the ‘right’ thing to do), he judges his actions only in relation to societys views and expectations, rather than relying on his own personal judgment. In rural Missouri during the period leading up to the American Civil War, slave ownership was widely accepted as a legitimate form of possession and was not subjected to critical pressure – subsequently, Huck views turning Jim in to the authorities as being the ‘right’ thing to do, despite the fact that Jim has shown him only friendship, and Miss Watson (and the ‘civilised’ society she represents) has mainly offered him criticism, chastisement and cruelty. According to Bennett (1974, p.127), this is a typical example of ‘bad’ morality, meaning the principles upon which a moral code is based have become somewhat skewed and require re-examination. One of the ways this can occur is when emphasis is placed in an individual’s mind upon what is legally, rather than morally, right (Kohlberg, 1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76). However, Huck experiences a change of heart when he paddles away from Jim intending to turn him in, and Jim calls out that Huck is â€Å"de bes’ fren’ Jim’s ever had, en de only fren’ ole Jim’s got now† (Twain, 2006a, p.81). Huck loses his nerve, and lies to the authorities when asked the skin colour of his companion (Twain, 2006a, p.82). It is important to note here that some critics would argue that this does not constitute a sufficient moral shift, as Huck’s change of heart is not initiated by a realisation of the inhumanity of slavery, but rather his reluctance to betray a friend in his time of need – thus, the black struggle is reduced to a motif no more powerful than Huck’s imprisonment at the hands of his father which, although awful, cannot compare to the horror that was enslavement (Lester, 1999, p.201). Huck does begin to show a level of remorse for his pranks and jests as well though, as can be seen when Jim reprimands him for making him think that he dreamt up the fog that separated them briefly and made Jim so anxious. Jim tells Huck that: ‘My heart wuz mos’ broke bekase you wuz los’, en I didn’t k’yer no mo’ what become er me en de raf’. En when I wake up en fine you back agin’, all safe en soun’, de tears come en I could a got down on my knees en kiss’ yo’ foot I’s so thankful. En all you wuz thinkin ’bout wuz how you could make a fool uv ole Jim wid lie. Dat truck dah is trash; en trash is what people is dat puts dirt on de head er dey frens en makes em feel ashamed’ (Twain, 2006a, p.79). As Trilling (1960, p.195) notes, the sense of shame and humility that this sparks in Huck leads him to be compelled to apologise for his behaviour, stating that after â€Å"fifteen minutes [of] work[ing] [him]self up to go and humble [him]self to a black person [he] done it, and warn’t sorry for it afterward† (Twain, 2006a, p.79). Though, again, this passage has been criticised for portraying Jim as being something less than human (Lester, 1999, p.202), it does indicate that the distance between the two characters is closing in Huck’s mind. Huck’s Increased Morality in the Face of Hypocrisy, Cruelty and Deception Once separated from Jim in Kentucky, Huck is offered shelter with the aristocratic Grangerford family (Twain, 2006a, p.87) after confirming he has no connection with the Shepherdsons, a family who – despite attending the same church and subscribing to a religion that teaches â€Å"brotherly love† (Twain, 2006a, p.97) – have been locked into a blood feud with the Grangerfords for the last thirty years. The irony of a religious community that accepts feuding as part of everyday life and allows the carrying of guns in church is not lost on Huck who, despite his age, has begun to recognise the hypocrisies existing within the supposedly ‘civilised’ society (Tucker, 1990, p.17). After unwittingly helping Miss Sophia elope with a member of the Shepherdson family by passing a message hidden in a Bible, Huck witnesses the ambush and murder of various male members of the Grangerford family, including his young friend Buck (Twain, 2006a, pp.101-102), in an act of retaliation by the Shepherdsons. Huck is subsequently left questioning the validity of the community’s customs-based morality. According to Kohlberg (1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76), this signals that Huck has entered into the final stage of moral development, which is known as the ‘post-conventional’ level. Here, an individual is able to examine the laws, traditions and customs of a community and evaluate whether or not these promote its general welfare (Kohlberg, 1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76). Where laws and customs are not found to promote the ‘greatest good’ for the greatest number of people, they can be abandoned accordingly (Kohlberg, 1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76). Subsequently, Huck shows increased sympathy for ‘outcasts’ like himself and Jim – who, after the murders of Grangerfords, he is reunited with (Twain, 2006a, p.102) – and behaves in a more charitable manner. When he and Jim come across the â€Å"Duke† and the â€Å"King† fleeing an angry mob (Twain, 2006a, pp.106-108), Huck decides to help them without any real hesitation or wariness (Carrington, 1976, p.76), although he comes to regret this later. The two men commit a number of money-making scams which Huck finds amusing at first, such as the Royal Nonesuch show swindles, but later, when they become caught up in an inheritance fraud in which the two crooks try and imitate the Wilks’ brothers, Huck has a change of heart and informs the niece of the deceased that the Duke and the King are, in fact, common criminals (Twain, 2006a, p.162). Despite the fact that he made his fortune through theft and mischief, he sees the error in the two criminal’s actions and wants to see justice done – a clear indication of his shifting morality. Another notable moral development comes in the form of Huck’s decision to rescue Jim from the Phelps’ farm, after learning that the Duke and the King have resold Jim into slavery and he is to be returned to his original home with Miss Watson (Twain, 2006a, pp.179-180). Despite Huck’s initial intention to write to Tom Sawyer and let him know Jim’s location, to thus allow Miss Watson to retrieve her ‘property’, this decision conflicts with Huck’s increasing sense of individual morality and responsibility. Although some of the worries he expresses are selfish, such as the shame he would experience if anyone knew he â€Å"helped a nigger to get his freedom† (Twain, 2006a, p.180), he is equally distressed that Jim has been condemned to live as a slave amongst strangers for â€Å"dirty† money (Twain, 2006a, p.180). Consequently, he tears up the letter, stating he is willing to go to Hell for his actions: ‘I took [the letter] up, and held it in my hand. I was a trembling, because I’d got to decide, forever, betwixt two things.†¦ I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: â€Å"All right, then, I’ll go to hell† – and tore it up’ (Twain, 2006a, p.182) Although this statement mirrors his earlier sentiments regarding going to Hell, this time there is no flippancy to his comment. As his conscience and sense of morality has developed, Huck has abandoned superstitions in favour of prayer and adherence to religious morals, and so the decision to go against the moral norms of civilised society and selflessly embrace his punishment for helping his friend represent a significant shift in his principles. Trites (2012, n.p.) argues that Huck’s recognition of Jim’s right to freedom demonstrates his whole-hearted rejection of the conventional morality of Southern racism, but Lester (1999, p.201) disputes this, arguing that Huck is only able to justify his fondness of Jim by stating â€Å"he was white inside† (Twain, 2006a, p.232), thus demonstrating Huck’s inability to â€Å"relinquish whiteness as a badge of superiority† (Lester, 1999, p.201). Huck enlists Tom’s help to set Jim free when, by pure coincidence, it turns out that Tom is the nephew of the Phelps’ and is expected to visit. The two boys undertake an elaborate ploy involving secret messages, a hidden tunnel, a rope ladder sent in Jims food, and other elements from adventure books Tom has read, including an anonymous note to the Phelps warning them of the whole scheme (Twain, 2006a, pp.202-210). It is later revealed that Jim is actually already free – a fact which Tom Sawyer was already in possession of, but failed to mention – as his owner died and freed him in her will (Twain, 2006a, p.243). Tom’s thoughtless and reckless behaviour is demonstrative of the self-serving ‘pre-morality’ which also defined Huck in the opening stage of the novel (Kohlberg, 1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76). Huck, though, has evolved to the ‘post-conventional’ stage of morality (Kohlberg, 1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76), wherein laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. He acted under the belief that he would be punished for his actions, with Jim’s best interests at heart, rather than his own. For many critics, the juxtaposition of these two characters’ attitudes serves as a â€Å"silent but eloquent comment† regarding the ability of a â€Å"sound heart† to correct a â€Å"deformed† conscience (Twain, 1985, cited in Hutchinson, 2001, p.xvii; Blair, 1973, p.343). Huck also demonstrates a sense of Christian compassion when, at last, the Duke and the King are captured by the wronged townsfolk and the two men are subsequently tarred, feathered and ridden out of town on a rail (Twain, 2006a, p.447). Instead feeling a sense of pleasure in this revenge, Huck instead feels pity and reflects on how cruel human beings can be to one another: ‘They had the king and the duke astraddle of a rail Well, it made me sick to see it; and I was sorry for them poor pitiful rascals, it seemed like I couldnt ever feel any hardness against them any more in the world. It was a dreadful thing to see. Human beings can be awful cruel to one another’ (Twain, 2006a, pp.447-448). Gone is the prankster who enjoyed the downfall of those who wronged him – Huck is, in contrast to his earlier character, compassionate and uninfluenced by the opinions of the other townsfolk. Kohlberg (1981, cited in Gibbs, 2003, pp.57-76) and other literary critics (Chadwick-Josua, 1998, p.116) would argue that Huck is no longer restricted by what society believes he ought to think, as he has completed all three stages of his moral development. Conclusion As has been demonstrated in the essay above, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Twain 2006a, p.1-504) is a tale about how society tends to corrupt true morality, freedom and justice, and how individuals like Huck must follow their own conscience and establish their own principles based on a ‘post-conventional’ concept of morality. Though Huck undoubtedly undergoes a moral transformation, there is considerable debate over whether racial prejudice still exists at the end of the novel. However, despite this, Twain’s novel remains a prominent and frequently referred-to example of how an individual’s morality can develop in response to life experiences, even when that individual is hindered by a pre-existing sense of a ‘bad’ morality. In the end, Twain believes that a sound heart will win out against a deformed conscience and, after reading this text, it is not difficult to share in that hope. Bibliography Ainsworth, M.D., Blehar, M., Waters, E., Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Altschuler, M. (1989) ‘Motherless Child: Huck Finn and a Theory of Moral Development’, American Literary Realism 1870-1910, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 31-42 Bennett, J. (1974) ‘The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn’, Philosophy, Vol. 49, pp. 123–134. Blair, W. (1973) Mark Twain Huck Finn (Library Reprint Sales edition). Los Angeles: University of California Press. Bloom, H. (2005) Background to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Blooms Literary Reference Online. [Online] Available from: http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54SID=5iPin=BGTAOHF3SingleRecord=True. [Accessed 13/10/2014] Bowlby, J. (1988) A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. Routledge. London. Carrington, G.C. (1976) The Dramatic Unity of Huckleberry Finn (Ohio State edition). Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Gibbs, J.C. (2003) ‘Kohlberg’s Theory: A Critique and New View’, in Moral Development and Reality: Beyond the Theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman. London: Sage Publications, pp.57-76. Hutchinson, S. (2001) ‘Introduction’, in Twain, M. (wtr.) Hutchinson, S. (ed.) Tom Sawyer Huckleberry Finn. London: Wordsworth Editions, pp.vii-xix. Kohlberg, L. (1981) Essays on Moral Development, Vol. I: The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper Row. Lester, J. (1999) ‘Morality and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’, in Leonard, J.S., Tenney, T.A., Davis, T.M. (eds.) Satire or Evasion? Black Perspectives on Huckleberry Finn. USA: Duke University Press, pp.199-207. Trilling, L. (1960) The Greatness of Huckleberry Finn (2nd edition). New York: Vintage Books. Trites, R.S. (2012) ‘Irony and Moral Development in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’, in Baxter, K. (ed.) Critical Insights: Coming of Age. Salem: Salem Press [Online]. Available from: < http://www.literature.salempress.com/doi/full/10.3331/CIComing_Age_0011 > [Accessed 14/10/2014]. Tucker, N. (1990) The Child and the Book: A Psychological and Literary Exploration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Twain, M. (2006a) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. USA: Gutenberg Press, pp.1-504 [Online]. Available from: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/76> [Accessed 12/10/2014]. Twain, M. (2006b) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. USA: Gutenberg Press, pp.1-375 [Online]. Available from: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74> [Accessed 12/10/2014]. Waters, E., Corcoran, D. Anafarta, M. (2005) ‘Attachment, Other Relationships, and the Theory that All Good Things Go Together’, Human Development, Vol. 48, pp.80–84

How Miller creates Dramatic Tension in Act One of The Crucible Essay

Twentieth Century Drama How does Miller create dramatic tension in Act One of "The Crucible"? "The Crucible", by Arthur Miller, focuses on Theocracy and the effect it can have on a community, as well as on an individual. From Act One, Miller creates dramatic tension in many different ways. These include dramatic irony, and sudden twists in the plot, as well as the range of emotions that Miller's characters express both frequently and eloquently. As the curtain rises, the audience are curious as to why a man who is so clearly distressed is sat over the girl, Betty, who lies motionless and 'inert' on a bed. The audience grows more curious as he calls for God to help him, and the audience are intrigued, wondering what is happening. In a direct contrast to this, the ending of the scene is loud and frantic, leaving nothing to the imagination, with all the girls screeching and accusing. The intense power that the girls? poses is intoxifying, and is illustrated when a character orders: ?Let the marshal bring irons? This shows the control these children have, if they can alter the minds of these men, persuading them to lock up innocents. This also shows the control they have over the whole community. The visual impact of the opening scene is that of a ?clean spareness?, the room only contains the bare minimum needed. This also relates to the Puritan way of life, ?vanities? were frowned upon and rooms were furnished with only what was necessary. The fact that rev. Parris is ?evidently in prayer? has religious references which, as the play goes on, are confirmed. The quote: ?There is a narrow window, through its panes the morning sunlight streams? also indicates that the room is basic ? it would seem that even lig... ...sympathy to those doomed to this fate, after doing nothing wrong, who are merely counters in Abigail?s sinister game to gain attention. When Hail orders for: ?the marshal [to] bring irons? it shows a high form of drama, as the curtain drops leaving the audience to imagine the next scene, innocent women being drawn form their families. In conclusion, I enjoyed this play, and my reaction was enhanced by the dramatic tension Miller creates in so many ways. The unexpected twists and use of dramatic irony help to keep the audience?s attention, while the sub-plot of rivalry adds interest and also reflects the main plot. The abrupt ending of act one, reflects the abrupt ending of the play as a whole, leaving the remainder to the imagination. Ending like these force viewers to envision what would follow, and, once again this all adds to the dramatic tension.

Essay --

When walking through a grocery store, one can easily forget that at one time, all the food in the store was local. At one time, people would bake their own bread, churn their own butter, and slaughter their own chicken; if they did not do it on their own, they bought these main food items from suppliers of small, local businesses. However, grocery stores are now stocked with pre-sliced bread, packaged butter, and portioned chicken. One can even see that American supermarkets do not have seasons. â€Å"Now there are tomatoes all year round, grown halfway around the world, picked when it was green, and ripened with ethylene gas. Although it looks like a tomato, it's kind of a notional tomato. I mean, it's the idea of a tomato† (Polland, Michael). Tomatoes, as well as other food, have come a long way-–from home grown to industry grown. While food production has evolved considerably over time, it is believed that this dramatic change has caused governments to subsidize farm s, a rapid development in biotechnology leading to an advance in genetic manipulation, and a shift in food questioning what is better, local or organic? Thousands of years ago, people either gathered and collected their food from the wild environment or hunted large and small animals. The process of hunting and gathering was sufficient enough for smaller groups of people found within a suitable environment, but when the population began to grow, people were pushed into areas that made food hard to come by, so they searched for nutritional sources that they could depend on. It is believed that the practice of agriculture first came into existence in the Fertile Crescent region in the Middle East about ten or eleven thousands years B.C.E. The area was home to many consuma... ... could ask Whole Foods' CEO, John Mackey, to help answer his question. According to Cloud, â€Å"He told me that when he can't get locally grown organics--and even he can't reliably get them--he decides on the basis of taste. "I would probably purchase a local nonorganic tomato before I would purchase an organic one that was shipped from California," he said. He called the two tomatoes "an environmental wash," since the California one had petroleum miles on it while the nonorganic one was grown with pesticides. "But the local tomato from outside Austin will be fresher, will just taste better," he said† (Cloud, John). When walking through that grocery store, do not forget that at one time that food use to be local. If we can choose the right food, even if that means searching for healthier, fresher, local food, we can make a difference in our current food issues.

Imperialism And India Essay -- essays research papers fc

Imperialism and India Throughout history, many nations have implemented imperialism to enforce their will over others for money, protection and civilization. India was no exception. Since its discovery, Europeans were trying get a piece of India's action. In many cases England was the imperial, or mother country. Since India was put under imperialism, a great deal of things changed, some for the good, mostly though for the bad. Between 1640 and 1949, India was ruled by two periods of imperialism, both of which effected India in a very profound and permanent manner. The first period of European control was between 1740 and 1858. During this period the British East India Company controlled the Indian sub-continent under the guise of economic imperialism, when in fact the manipulation of Indian affairs was much more political than let on. When it was founded in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I, the East India Company's main purpose was "to break into the Indonesian spice trade which was dominated by the Dutch." But after colonizing a post a Madras in 1640, the company was re-chartered to include such rights as coining money and act as government to British subjects at the East India Company's posts. As well, the British government also gave the company the right to make was or peaceful arrangements with powers who were non-Christian. This control expanded with the founding of a port at Bombay in 1668, and the founding of Calcutta in 1690. Then in 1756, a young employee named Robert Clive, who had been named lieutenant-governor in 1755, was sent to take back Calcutta from the Bengal nawab. He accomplished this in January of 1757. Then later that year, Clive lead a group of 950 European and 2,000 Indian soldiers(sepoys) against a group of 50,000 Indians lead by a degenerate nawab at Plassey. The victory of the English forces over the local resistance brought Bengal under the effective political control of the East India Company. Although a "puppet nawab" was left in control of the area, Clive was granted the right to extract land revenue from most of eastern India. Through out this whole period, the company slowly found it's privledges being revoked, until in 1858, the Sepoy Rebellion, or the Indian Revolution, finally brought an end to the rule of the East India Company in India when it ... ...health of Indians, created such a tremendous population explosion that famine resulted in some regions. As well, the creation of British educated professionals and business people created a new upper-class in India changing the rule of class in India forever. All of these changes, while under the guise of helping the natives, only served to help the colonists and leave the Indians feeling inferior, as though Indians are only "hewers of wood, and drawers of water" All of these changes in Indian culture and economy forever changed the destiny of the Land of India. While many changes may have been good in retrospect, they were only meant to help the colonizing British. Overall, the colonization of India had nothing but a negative effect on its people and culture. Perhaps one day people will realize that imposing one culture on another is not only wrong, but it is destructive to the natural course of a countries history. Bibliography "India" Groiler Electronic Encyclopedia, 1994 "India" article found on Internet, 1996 "India, a history of," Groiler New Book of Knowledge, 1979 In class speech by Mr. Seqera, 1996

Barilla JITD Program Essay

1. Diagnose the underlying causes of the difficulties that the JITD program was created to solve. What are the benefits and drawbacks of this program? Just In Time Distribution is a unique idea that the logistics director wanted to implement at Barilla. It was in response to the significant fluctuations in sales demand that Barilla was experiencing from their distribution centers. Exhibit 12 in the case shows how volatile the ordering could be. It looks very unpredictable using their current method of distribution, which is causing excess inventory and stockouts. By nature, their pasta products experience waves of high and low demand. Seasonal and promotional fluctuation was making it hard for Barilla to correctly forecast demand from their distributors. Furthermore, distributors did not have effective forecasting methods. They simply ordered their shipments when their stock was getting low. Barilla had no minimum order quantity nor did they have standing orders with distributors. Es sentially, JITD was created to better supply distributors with their product to eliminate stockouts and excess inventory. Stockouts cost the company valuable sales revenue when demand cannot be met and excess inventory results in additional holding costs. The major benefit to JITD is a steady revenue stream after demand fluctuation is mitigated. 2. What conflicts or barriers internal to Barilla does the JITD program create? What causes these conflicts? As Giorgio Maggiali, how would you deal with these? Support organizations within Barilla met the JITD proposal with resistance. Marketing and Sales departments each had separate concerns. If Barilla had an internal disruption in production such as a strike, distributors would have no excess inventory and stockouts would be likely. The Sales team pointed out that promotional periods would not have a place in this new supply chain model. Also, with a lack of inventory in the distributors holding area, there was a concern that competitors would move in to take the space, eventually pushing out Barilla. Because of the highly specialized manufacturing parameters that were required to produce Barilla products, inflexible production lines did not allow for meeting demand that changes often. Support organizations such as Sales and Marketing also had selfish concerns. With JITD, the need for sales representatives decreased to virtually nothing. After all, the forecast data that Barilla would in theory have, would essentially sell the products themselves. As the  director of logistics, Maggiali must present a favorable business case along with his Just In Time Distribution proposal. He must show the benefits that his plan would have on each of the supporting organizations to gain their support. His proposed JITD is a complete shift in Barilla’s business model. For this reason, I would present this method as a case that will increase sales revenue, lower manufacturing cost, and increase quality operations. Selling his management on these three aspects will allow them to see the increased profitability that will come as a result of JITD. 3. As one of Barilla’s customers, what would your response to JITD be? Why? As a customer of Barilla and distributor of their product, I would greatly appreciate the service that Barilla has offered to provide because I would see the opportunity that this proposed plan has the potential to offer. From saving floor space to cutting down on my lead times I would be a willing partner in their plan. I would, however, force them to sign a third-party proprietary agreement before handing over my demand and sales data. It is important that competitors not know the specifics of our operations as to keep my competitive advantage in the marketplace.

Dead Poets Society: Film Techniques Essay

Keating believed in educating the boys to be â€Å"free thinkers†. How did this teaching of his philosophy have a positive and/or negative impact on the boys? How has Peter Weir used film techniques to reflect this positive and/or negative impact? Throughout the duration of the film, Dead Poets Society directed by Peter Weir, a number of film techniques are expressed to reflect the positive but also the negative impacts of Mr John Keating’s unorthodox and bizarre teaching methods towards his students. The film is set at the conservative and traditional Welton Academy in Vermont, United States in 1959 as it follows the story of the newly appointed English teacher, Mr John Keating. He is conveyed as an inspirational and influential mentor to his students about independent views and living life to its fullest through his teaching of poetry. Weir uses film techniques to show these positive impacts of Keating’s teaching philosophy to be â€Å"free thinkers† on Neil Perry, a student who deals with much pressure from his father to pursue his dream of acting, and Todd Anderson, who is portrayed as a very humble, self conscious and shy character. Keating’s style of teaching; however, led to the negative impact of Charlie Dalton, who is a popular but also a rebellious character in the film. Due to Mr Keating’s philosophy in teaching, Neil’s engagement in acting and poetry expanded significantly eventually leading to his death.  Weir has used Neil Perry as the protagonist to convey a numerous amount of film techniques to display Keating’s belief in educating the boys to be â€Å"free thinkers†. Near the beginning of the film, Neil is shown to have a great amount of pressure applied on him by his father’s high standards so that he graduates from Welton to become a doctor. â€Å"We expect big things from you this year.† â€Å"Don’t worry, he won’t disappoint.† This is said by Mr Nolan, the school headmaster, followed by Neil’s father, Mr Perry, and demonstrates the compression put upon Neil to succeed. This  scene shows a number of close up angles and high angles of Neil to show his apprehension and sense of vulnerability to the audience. From Keating’s first few lessons about poetry and its importance in life, Neil and the other students are inspired to create the â€Å"Dead Poets Society.† This group is created from the motivation of Keating’s beliefs about poetry and expressing your feelings in a positive perspective. Long shots and eerie music are used when the boys are running through the woods to their first meeting in a small and concluded cave. This is to create a rebellious atmosphere, as it is a key theme in the film from Keating’s motives. When the students arrive at the cave, Neil is portrayed as the leader of the group, which shows his confident and friendly characteristics where he reads most of the poetry. This is demonstrated by the use of close up angles and low angles looking up at Neil to emphasise what he is saying and his power over the other students. Soon after the student’s first meeting, Keating shows the boys to look at life in a different perspective by standing on his desk. This helps Neil understand to have his own decisions in life and be a â€Å"free thinker.† â€Å"Look at it another way†. Keating says this in order for the students to have independent views in life. Low angles looking up at the students when they are on the desk are used to show the power and potential they have. Due to Mr Perry’s harsh rules and ideas on him, it caused Neil’s death because of his love for poetry and acting became too great for him where he was allowed to partake in them. This ultimately suggests that Keating’s teaching methods had a negative influence on him. Essentially, these film techniques are shown to indicate Keating’s views about poetry and expressing ones thoughts in a positive outlook, and influencing Neil even though it did lead to his death. Throughout the film, Todd Anderson’s personality and character changes significantly as a result of Keating’s ways in teaching poetry and expressing ones feelings through Weir’s film techniques. Much like Neil, Todd is immediately put under pressure from Mr Nolan when arriving at his new school on welcome day when the headmaster states, â€Å"You have big shoes to fill, Mr Anderson.† A close up angle is shown directly at Todd in order to show his lack of confidence after his brother’s success at Welton. This underlies the traits developed by Todd during the majority of film to show  his characterisation as a very self-conscious and uncertain person. This uncertainty as a person is evident when he states, â€Å"If I say something, people won’t listen.† Moreover, this quote outlines the personal difficulty and feelings Todd is experiencing because of the pressure from his new friends and school. Todd’s character changes however, where Keating’s philosophy in teaching has a very positive outlook on him. A very important turning point in Todd’s character because of this teaching occurs when Keating strongly encourages him to read a made up poem on the spot to the class about a given picture. A 360o tracking shot and fast intense music is used by Weir to show confusion to the audience of what is happening. The music and spinning of the camera becomes faster to increase the tension generated by Todd’s newly created poetry encouraged strongly Keating. From this, it is obvious that Todd’s character differs as he realises the concept of expressing ones’ thoughts from Keating about poetry due to the film techniques shown by Weir. Weir portrays Charlie Dalton as a very rebellious character through film techniques and the negative influence of Keating’s teaching methods on him. This is apparent in Keating’s first lesson of teaching poetry, where he advises the students to â€Å"rip out† the introduction to poetry section in their textbooks. As the students are confused and uneasy about this task, Charlie rips the page out immediately, with a close up angle of him to demonstrate his daring character. Keating’s teaching methods however, cause Charlie to get expelled from Welton. â€Å"Sucking the marrow out of life doesn’t mean choking on the bone.† Keating says this metaphor in order to show how being â€Å"free thinkers† does not mean pulling foolish stunts, which have consequences. Within this scene, Keating states, â€Å"There’s a time for daring and a time for caution and a wise man knows which is called for.† He expresses this to outline the imp ortance of knowing when to be unruly and when to remain in the rules. Weir uses dull lighting within the room to show the despondent and depressed. From evidence, Keating’s philosophy in teaching is shown to lead to the negative impacts on Charlie where he is expelled. The director, Peter Weir, has used many techniques throughout the film to  show Keating’s beliefs for his students to have independent views and live life to its fullest by being their sole mentor and inspiration. Keating caused Neil to open up to his identity to discover a love for acting and create the â€Å"Dead Poets Society† by being the leader in a way. Todd’s character during the film changed dramatically from self-conscious to confident in his own ability due to Keating’s theories about life where he discovered a talent in poetry. Although, apart from the positives, Charlie’s characteristics cause him get expelled because of his daring and rebellious character. Weir has explored these characters to convey their views from Keating and the film techniques of Weir help demonstrate this.

Advertising Causes And Effects Essay

Advertisement industries have affected the world for decades up until these days. We can see those flashy, catchy and colorful advertisements everywhere especially through mass media. United States was reported as the largest and creative advertising market in the world. Some people thought that advertising does not affect much on their lifestyles and some would just making assumptions that advertisements can cause negative effects to consumers especially when it is related to the product’s quality. However, we cannot be too judgmental on advertising industries because they have their own benefits. It is very important to take note that advertising does have its own positive side to country’s economy, companies and also society. Firstly, advertising can bring benefits to the economy. This is because, advertising generate more jobs comparing to the others. They offers diversity of careers option like writers, authors, artist, editors and others. According to the World Advertising Federation (WFA), US advertising generate 18.2 million out of the 126.7 million jobs in that country (2008). Besides that, advertising contribute a huge share on the country’s economy. Every advertisement that has been produced, need to pay certain amounts of taxation in order for them to publicize the advertisement to the public. According to the Wall Street Journal, Hungary adopt tax as high as 40% on annual advertising (Feher, 2014). Next, the price of the product will also be reduced through advertising. Most of the companies nowadays are more focusing on the quality of their products instead of gaining profit. One of the strategies that advertisement industries applied in their public relation are by helping the customers to understand more about the products and the company (McNamara, n.d ). Hence, the economy of the country can really be boosts up through advertising. In addition, the society are also affected with the benefits of advertisements. Through advertisements, people can be aware about commercial products and calamities that happened in the world these days. For example, the advertisements that shared on health drinks and toiletry products can generate awareness about health and hygiene to public (Kannan, 2013). Besides, some companies that produce cosmetic products will promote their products by comparing their product and advertise them through mass media.  Consumers would have varieties of options to choose by reading or watching those advertisements since 84 percent of mobile users in Malaysia tend to click on mobile advertisements in order for them to find new products and information (Siti Shameen, 2014). Moreover, people can also express their feeling through advertising. This has seems to be happening in the United States where they allow people to show on their supports regarding the sensitive issues like politics, religion and races. For example, in New York and San Francisco, they have the advertisement that shows Muslims are ‘savages’. (Badger, 2012). Besides, advertisements can also be used to inform public about social events and performances that are going to be held in the future. For instance, the Ad Council, a non- profit organization in the United States had sponsored many public service announcements like their famous ’Loose Lips Sink Ships’ where they run to promote national security during World War II (Morley, 2015). Therefore, advertising brings benefits not only for the consumers but also the society. Next, advertising has made a huge impact on companies. The companies can now create maximal profits through advertising. By having their advertisement airing frequently through pamphlets, mass media and others, they would attract more customers in buying their products. When they are attracted in looking at the advertisements, they would be intimidated in buying the products thus causing the rise of the company’s profit. When the advertisements are being aired through the internet, they would reduce more on their capitals thus, maximizing on their profit (Wright,2015) Besides, advertising also encourage the companies to compete and provide new products. When each of the company produce different types of new products with more improved qualities, the other companies would feel challenged thus producing a better quality of the products. By advertising, it can also improve the company’s public image among the consumer. This is because when a company produce advertisements through mass media, the consumer would assume that the product is quality-proven. It all depends on the company’s decision in conveying the message whether in a good way or the opposite (Thompson, 2014). Thus, advertising contribute to the advantages of the companies. In a nutshell, advertising brings advantages not only for the economy but also to the companies and the consumers. This is because, advertising can bring maximal profits to the company by generating more customers in buying their products. Besides that, the consumers would also have the power to decide which product suits them well through the exposure that they get through advertisements. Next, the country’s economy can also be generate by providing more jobs in the advertisements industries. Therefore, advertisements brings benefits to the world’s economy. 1. Siti Shameen, M.K. (2014).Malaysians love clicking on mobile ads. New Straits Times. p 5. 2. Feher, M. (2011). Hungary adopts tax on advertising revenue. The Wall Street Journal Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/hungaryadoptstaxon advertisingrevenue1402511876