The history of pizza Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The history of pizza - Assignment Example Different analysts agree that the Italians prepared a basic form of pizza as early as the Stone Age. At this time, the bread served as a plate as it was used to sop up broth or gravies. The idea of using bread as a plate did not originate from the Italians; it originated from the Greeks. Between 521 and 486 B.C., historians note that the soldiers of Darius the Great made a kind of bread using their shields as ovens. They then covered the flat bread with dates and cheese and ate them for nourishment during their long marches. The third century B.C. saw Marcus Porcius Cato write about how people made flat bread on stones before dressing them with such things as honey, herbs, and olive oil. For the next several centuries, the trend of baking flat bread and topping it with different foods became well established. Between 1700 and 1800 A.D., the Greek settlement of Naples grew to become a populous city. The poor people who lived and worked in the city needed cheap food that they could conveniently consume as they went about their businesses. To meet this need, street vendors and informal restaurants prepared flat breads that they topped with different things. Although considered disgusting by many people at the time, the early pizzas that the poor people of Naple fed on have a close resemblance with what people consume as pizza today. Like it commonly happens today, these early pizzas were dressed with garlic, anchovies, tomatoes, and cheese. One individual that receives a lot of credit for inventing the modern form of pizza is Raffaele Esposito, a baker from Naples. The baker who owned a restaurant named Pizzeria di Pietro baked something that he fondly called â€Å"pizza†. His drive to make the pizza resulted from his desire to please the Italian, King Umberto I, and his wife, Queen Margherita, whom he learnt would be visiting his area. Although served with a variety of pizzas as they sought a break from their constant diet

The Reality Of Greek Wars Conflict History Essay

The Reality Of Greek Wars Conflict History Essay The life of ancient Greek society was quite different from the life of the modern society. Nevertheless, the ancient Greek culture had a significant impact on the development of western culture and civilization. At the same time, ancient Greek cultural ideals were often quite different from reality. On the other hand, it is impossible to deny that ancient Greek respected their cultural ideals and attempted to follow them even during wars (Best, 74). In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that ancient Greek cultural ideals often come into clashes with the severe reality, when ancient Greek had to use methods and tools, which did not match their cultural ideals, to reach positive ends in wars but, on the other hand, ancient Greek attempted to follow their fundamental cultural ideals during wars, especially when they have no choice but to manifest their bravery, heroism and patriotism. First of all, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that ancient Greek culture was, to a certain extent, diverse because there was no homogeneous nation state. Instead, ancient Greece was comprised of city-states, which had their own cultural peculiarities (Adcock, 32). Nevertheless, it is still possible to trace common ideals which could be found throughout the territories inhabited or colonized by ancient Greek. In this regard, it is possible to single out such cultural ideals as the respect to bravery, courage and heroism. Ancient Greeks respected heroes and viewed them as super-human beings above whom were only gods. In addition, ancient Greek respected freedom and independence above all. They viewed their lifestyle superior compared to other countries and they viewed the independence and power of the Greek civilization as one of the major priorities in the development of ancient Greece. In addition, they respected honesty and nobility. However, such cultural ideals could not always be implemented by ancient Greek, especially in the course of their wars. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the experience of ancient Greek in the Trojan War. At first glance, ancient Greek attempted to follow their cultural ideals. They united their efforts to defeat Troy for the power of ancient Greece. They wanted to defeat the main opponent of Greece that offended its representatives. At the beginning and in the course of the war, they used honest methods of the struggle. However, in the end of the war, they used deception and treachery to win the Trojan War. They deceived Trojans pretending they leaved Troy and moved back to Greece. Instead, they used the present to Trojans to penetrate into the city and to open the gates to let the Greek army in Troy. In such a way, they won the war using deception and treachery that contradicted to traditional cultural ideals of ancient Greek, who preferred to win the war in the open strug gle. However, many military operations and wars were the manifestation of heroism and bravery of ancient Greek warriors respectively to their cultural ideals (Sekunda, 113). In this regard, it is possible to refer to the Thermopylae battle, when ancient Greek warriors confronted the huge army of enemies, whose military superiority was obvious. In fact, the Thermopylae battle is a symbol of heroism of ancient Greek warriors (Connolly, 195). Three hundred Spartans kept struggling and stopping enemies as long as they could and as long as they stayed alive. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that it was Spartans, who stayed to die in the battle because it was the major ideal of a true Spartan warrior, which though was not common to representatives of other ancient Greek city-states. Another manifestation of the bravery and heroism of ancient Greek was the Persian war. At the same time, the Persian War was also the struggle of Greek people for independence, which meet the traditional Greek strife for independence and liberty. Therefore, the Persian War matched another ideal of ancient Greek culture (Hanson, 115). In fact, the liberty and independence of ancient Greece were fundamental values shared by all city-states (Hodkinson, 172). In such a way, the persistent struggle of ancient Greek against Persian invaders was the implementation of their cultural ideals in wars conducted by ancient Greek. On the other hand, the Peloponnesian War was the struggle between two Greek leading powers à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Sparta and Athens. In fact, the Peloponnesian War can be viewed as the civil war between two major powers in ancient Greece (Cartledge, 137). The struggle of Sparta and Athens involved their allies and resulted in the bloodthirsty civil war that contradicted to the fundamental ideals of the ancient Greek culture because the civil war led to the slaughtering of Greek people by each other. In such a way, participants of the civil war neglected the principle of liberty and independence of each city-state and put under a threat the future and independence of ancient Greece and Hellenistic world at large (Fisher, 92). In such a way, the Peloponnesian War can hardly be viewed as the manifestation of ancient Greek cultural ideals. Instead, this war marked the violation and abuse of basic cultural ideals of ancient Greece. Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that ancient Greeks did not always follow their cultural ideals. To put it more precisely, the fundamental cultural ideals of the ancient Greek society were principles of honor, bravery, courage, and heroism. Ancient Greek viewed independence as one of the fundamental values of Hellenistic world. Nevertheless, in the course of wars they often used treacherous methods and deception to reach their ends and to win wars, as was the case of the Trojan War. On the other hand, frequently, ancient Greek followed their cultural ideals and fought in the war to death for their motherland, its freedom and its people.

Down And Out In The Great Depression Essay -- Robert McElvaine

During the 1920’s, America was a prosperous nation going through the â€Å"Big Boom† and loving every second of it. However, this fortune didn’t last long, because with the 1930’s came a period of serious economic recession, a period called the Great Depression. By 1933, a quarter of the nation’s workers (about 40 million) were without jobs. The weekly income rate dropped from $24.76 per week in 1929 to $16.65 per week in 1933 (McElvaine, 8). After President Hoover failed to rectify the recession situation, Franklin D. Roosevelt began his term with the hopeful New Deal. In two installments, Roosevelt hoped to relieve short term suffering with the first, and redistribution of money amongst the poor with the second. Throughout these years of the depression, many Americans spoke their minds through pen and paper. Many criticized Hoover’s policies of the early Depression and praised the Roosevelts’ efforts. Each opinion about the causes an d solutions of the Great Depression are based upon economic, racial and social standing in America. At the start of the Depression, many letters (mostly discouraging) were sent to President Hoover. These letters came primarily from well-to-do citizens, however some leftist workers’ letters found their way in as well. The well-to-do citizens agreed that the ultimate cause of the lower classes’ depression was their laziness and incompetence. On top of that, these well-to-do citizens thanked Hoover, probably because their money had gone unscathed (McElvaine, 38). Some opinions weren’t as favorable for the Hoover administration, however. Some people believed that â€Å"engineers may be intelligent but poor presidents† (pp. 43). Finally, the leftist parties did not appreciate the endeavors of the Hoover presiden... ...for their misfortune. The rich blamed the poor, the poor blamed the rich, the middle class blamed the blacks, and no one took responsibility themselves. One complaint most of these classes (with exception to the few that benefited) was the lack of success of the New Deal and other relief efforts. Whether the blacks had too much employment, or the poor were too lazy to receive aid, very few Americans appeared to be happy with Roosevelt’s solution. This didn’t stop his popularity. Many Americans stood behind their president rain or shine, depression or big boom. Regardless of their positions, these citizens who turned to the President in their time of desperation proved that the pen is truly mightier. Works Cited McElvaine, Robert S, ed. Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the Forgotten Man. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1983.

Core Competencies Essay

Hamric, Hanson, O’Grady & Tracy (2014) define competencies as â€Å"a broad area of skillful performance.† Competencies include activities implemented by advanced practice nurses while providing direct patient care and the processes, knowledge and skills used in all aspects of advanced practice. There are seven core competencies associated with the advanced practice registered nurse. In addition to the seven core competencies, nurse practitioner education and nurse administrator education have additional competencies needed to become proficient in each of those roles (The American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) 2011; The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF), 2012). While there is overlap of some of the competencies the nurse executive role and the nurse practitioner role each have specific skills needed to attain expertise in each role. Nurse executives plan, direct, coordinate and supervise health care delivery. He or she must have expert knowledge regarding patient care delivery, marketing, management, ethics, and human resource management, as well as additional knowledge. Due to the wide range of knowledge needed, nurse executives need to attain expertise in many areas. AONE has outlined five competencies and detailed the skills needed for each (2011). According to AONE communication and relationship-building is a competency that must be mastered in order to cultivate relationships and establish rapport and includes skills such as relationship management, effective communication, influence of behaviors, shared decision making and ability to work with diversity. The professionalism competency includes ethics, evidence-based clinical and management practice, advocacy, and personal and professional accountability (AONE, 2011). The nurse administration works at the executive  level so professionalism must be maintained. Nursing leadership must be upheld by mastery of skills like foundational thinking skills, change management and succession planning. The business skills competency can be met by the nurse administrator upon mastering business management, human resource management, marketing and strategic management and information management and technology (AONE, 2011). The health care system which the nurse executive manages can be a large complex system, such as an acute care hospital that has a level I trauma center, a pediatric unit, labor and delivery unit, cardiac intensive care, and neonatology. Because of this complexity competency of health care environment knowledge must be mastered and includes the skills of clinical practice knowledge, delivery models, health care economics and policy, governance, patient safety, quality improvement and case management (AONE, 2011). According to the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (2012), upon graduation from a nurse practitioner program the graduate must possess mine competencies without regard to the population of focus. By mastering these competencies the nurse practitioner will have the skills and knowledge needed to practice independently. NPs provide direct patient care so the competencies and skills needed differ slightly from the competencies needed for nurse administrator. The practice inquiry competencies and the quality competencies are similar in that they both involve using knowledge gained from clinical practice to improve health care quality. Quality competencies include using best evidence to improve clinical practice, evaluating access to care, cost, quality and safety, organizational structure, financing, marketing and policy decisions and their impact on health care quality. Practice inquiry competencies involve applying clinical investigative skills, practice inquiry, analyzing clinical guidelines, generating knowledge from clinical practice and providing leadership while applying new knowledge. The technology and information literacy competencies are related to information literacy skills, literacy in information systems, integrating technologies into clinical practice and the delivery of health to improve health outcomes (NONPF, 2012). To function effectively the NP must understand health care policy and regulations. He or she must be competent in the evaluation of policy and its implication on health care delivery and outcomes and must promote access, quality and equality. All of these skills  fall under the policy competencies (NONPF, 2012). Health delivery systems competencies relate to the development of health care systems, the organizational structure and functions or health delivery systems and applying that knowledge to improve health care d elivery (NONPF, 2012). Along with a clear understanding of policy the NP must have expert knowledge of the independent practice competencies. NONPF list the independent practice competencies skills as the ability to function as a licensed practitioner, exhibiting accountability, managing previously diagnosed and undiagnosed patients and providing patient-centered care while observing cultural diversity and respecting patient decisions. There are some overlapping competencies within the NP and the nurse executive role. Both professions contain a leadership competency and both advanced practice nurses are expected to participate in professional organizations and to initiate change. The NP competency includes advocating for improved access, quality and cost effective health care while the nurse executive competency includes staff support and adapting leadership style (AONE, 2011; NONPF, 2012). The NP scientific foundation competency and the nurse executive knowledge of health care environment competency have areas of overlap such as the use of research to improve practice and decision making and evidence-based practice, and outcome measurement. The nurse executive skill of expert practice of ethics is outlined under the professionalism competency. Hamric et al. (2014, p. 101) state the transition from student to professional APN can be rife with behavioral, attitudinal and value conflicts. Hamric et al. further state that there are phases an APN moves through during role implementation. The first stage laying the foundation, occurs when graduate NPs sit for certification examinations for their specific roles, and look for available positions. The second stage generally last up to three months after the first position and consists of anxiety related to low confidence and low competence. One strategy to facilitate role implementation for all APNs is to develop a structured orientation plan. Although there are numerous practice setting and roles the nurse executive and the NP both benefit when clear expectations, needs, values, goals policies and procedures of the specific agency are made available upon hire (Hamric et al., p. 102). References Hamric, A. B., Hanson,C. M., O’Grady, E. T., Tracy, M. F. (2014) Advanced Practice Nursing: An Integrative Approach, 5th Ed. [VitalSource Digital Version]. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. The American Organization of Nurse Executives. 2011. The AONE Nurse Executive Competencies. Retrieved September 11, 2014 from http://www.aone.org/resources/leadership%20tools/nursecomp.shtml The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties. 2012. Nurse Practitioner Core Competencies April 2011, Amended 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2014 from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nonpf.org/resource/resmgr/competencies/npcorecompetenciesfinal2012.pdf

I Want to Be a Nurse Essay

Writing assessment Empire college offers a unique learning environment for the busy learner who may be juggling a number of roles, spouse, parent, manager, entrepreneur, volunteer, caregiver, and more. We offer a flexible learning environment, with individually designed degree programs, and opportunities to study online,face to face, or a combination of the two. In a type essay of no fewer than 300 words, please describe: 1. Your reason for applying to Empire State College. 2. Your personal and professional goals, and what topics or areas you hope to study 3. Your strengths and experiences (educational, employment, community and personal background) that will make you a successful student in our learning environment. MY LIFE STORY Life is a long journey to seek happiness and great joy! Sometimes we can successfully overcome some kind of hardships in life and sometimes we are still struggling and suffering but don’t ever be despondent. No matter how hard it is, as long as you stay persistent and self determined you will overcome those obstacles. There were so many stages on my risky challenge journey to find a happy life! To know who you are you must know where you began. My life starts in a small village in Viet Nam. Despite growing up with a privilege life full of food on the table, a warm bed to sleep in, plenty of toys†¦It is human nature to want what I don’t have-nurturing parents. My parents worked very hard to provide a better life that they never had. I and three of my brothers were grown up with unhappy childhood. We never had time to play with friends, go to the park or even get any gift on our birthday †¦.All of us had to work after school to help my parents earn more money for food and others basic shelters. When I was in the middle school I had to do all of the housework and trading in the market for foods. I believed that is why I am so independent on my life. MY name is â€Å"My† which is often misspelled and misunderstanding. But it carried a full meaning to my parents. First it means beautiful. Second it links to a country â€Å"United State of American†. When I was a kid my parents usually tell me about how wonderful American are which in . Wealthy, Independence and freedom†¦ In 1987 when I was born my parents escaped from Vietnam to United State of American to explore a new life with a standard living but they failed and I was named â€Å"My† to chase my parents dream. I and my Parents had shared about â€Å"American dream† since I was 10 years old. I always dreamed of get out of my small village to fulfill my family dream and make a better life to help my parents who had sacrifice themselves to raise us to become good persons. Even how hard they are we still go through school. I was always study very hard at school and look for a chance to study aboard in the promising land American. Time went by and even how hard my parents and I tried we still could not afford for going aboard. But I still kept thinking about this dream until one day I had got a chance to take risk to work aboard as a technician specialist named Chartered Semiconductor in Singapore. The day I left my country and my family was a gloomiest day that I never forget. I was very excited to explore about Singapore at the first time I came there. I heard that Singapore is a very high standard country. Living and working in this country I don’t have to suffer from any obstacle. But dream is always dream and when I started to work I knew that it is never easy to get what you want without skills and experiences. Things never come the way I expected. It s so much can be say for living and immersing myself in another country and multicultural. I had to face with a lot of horrible experiences at work. Especially it was so difficult for me to adjust to speak Sing-English. Co-worker made fun of my English. I was hurt like a deep wound cut inside. I was cried some nights and even I was mad at myself. But 2 weeks later I told myself not to be discouraged because I left my homeland for this and there was no excuse for me to give up. Slowly I tried to join at work, make friends and ask them whatever I didn’t understand. I found my own way to get help. I gradually created my life with a fully eye-open experience. I built a lot of intangible skills. Each situation was a stepped stone thread through to my life with so many little things teaches me independence, management, organization and the best is self-confidence. I also found my love destiny here. I met my husband at work who was a nice, thoughtful and caring Vietnamese-American. He helped and supported me during the time I was struggle and suffer at work and the new life here. Through him I had come to God and believed in God. God had leaded me the way to go further and fulfill my dreams. We married after 3 years dating. One Year later we moved to Germany because of my husband work and we stayed there for 1 year and 4 months. From this time, I was really enjoy my life. I has chances to experience plenty of new things with my flesh eyes which I had read in books and surfed on Internet. I knew more about amazing country over the world and I was so interested to learn so many things about social, history, custom, religious about Germany and European. I had built a very good relationship here. I will never forget about this wonderful period of my life. And I, now finally, am here in New York. Enjoy my second winter. My dream about American for a long time had come true. To me, New York was a far-away and strange land at the first time. I was scared and lonely for almost 3 months. I and my husband moved to New York last winter in October 2011 and we experienced 2 terrible storms then we settled up everything to get ready for a lot of plans. I could not forget the first time my husband teach me to drive. My heart was bumping and my palm was sweat. I tried to get my driver license other way I had to stay at home. And now I can I drive to library every week, found a good job, made good friends and had plenty of good relationships, and the best thing is I will be Baptism next month to become a Catholic Christian. Thanks God blessed for me onmy life. I had so many goals and I had made them come true. I was on phone with my Mum on my 27th birthday. She said she is so proud of about me that I made her happy and the most important she asked me â€Å"What are you going to do next?† Five years living aboard is such a long time, but it goes so fast. I did not let any hardship hold me back and I am going to go through another bigger goal which is go to college and I will never stop to achieve my dreams. I was interested in Health filed and I always wished to become a helpful nurse when I was very young. Being a Vietnamese girl learn English to become a nurse is my first and forehead goal I want to do in this coming year. I would love to care about people and make them happy. My motivation is 4 year college and then go to study beyond later if I have a chance because education never stop. There are a lot of things to do in this country. I still want to have a good future with a solid stepped stone in life and a loving family. I will raise my children to become a successful person. They will use my experience story as a role for them to work hard and to be successful in their lives. And I have to say my heart was burning when I found Empire State Community college. I really want to get my degree here so desperately. Empire State community college offer the course which I interested in with flexible study option and it have great faculty, also a warm and diverse community and interesting traditional according to students. I can decide how, where and when I sturdy to complete my education.That’s great. I have a long way to go but I will do my best to reach my goals. Yes! Everyone have a story-history that has made them the way they are to make a happy life! And that is who am I!

The Guide to an Agriculture Research Paper

The Guide to an Agriculture Research Paper Well-presented and neatly crafted work is essential in communicating information that a student wants to share with peers, teacher, professors, etc. Structure, style, conciseness, the choice of language are factors, which profoundly affect the presentation of the material in the research paper and contribute to the success of a learner. It is vital to follow the general guidelines of academic writing when crafting a research paper. Agriculture is often a challenging topic for students. When people face a complicated assignment, the goal of composing an insightful and detailed work becomes even more pressing. Learners frequently face numerous issues before approaching the task that drives them off track. In particular, newcomers might tackle such problems as: lack of knowledge about the subject; poor writing skills; students become sidetracked from the main topic; the informal style of writing; over-generalized content; wrong choice of sources, etc. These problems often discourage learners from writing their assignments as they feel unmotivated to start their work on time and do some in-depth research on the topic. Therefore, it is essential to address these challenges and evaluate your skills before getting down to work. The following questions will guide you through this process and help prepare for writing: What topic are you going to study? What knowledge do you have about the subject? What is the goal of your research paper? What is the hypothesis? What do you need to explore in your writing? What does your professor want you to do? What topics do you need to disclose? What result do you expect to achieve? How can you apply them to practice? Who will be interested in your study? Answers to these questions can help identify your strong and weak features, which will provide with a chance to address challenges and prepare for the study. For instance, if you realize that you lack knowledge of the agricultural sector, you can read articles and scientific works devoted to this issue. This will help gain more understanding of the field and become proficient in the particular sphere. Even if you are an expert in agriculture, you can easily digress, which will affect the quality of the final paper. That is why it is essential to follow the guidelines to ensure you are going to meet all the demands and gain the highest score. Choosing a Hot Topic for the Research Paper If you have written several essays on agricultural topics, you might think that you will easily cope with this task. You have the necessary knowledge of the field and share some interests with your peers and teachers that you can use in your writing. Nonetheless, choosing the topic for a research paper might be a complicated challenge. There are several factors to take into consideration while defining the problem for the investigation. In particular, a learner should: Ensure the topic meets the requirements of the assignment. You might be interested in investigating the history of agriculture, while your professor asks to focus on policy and trade; Consider the scope of your work. You should look at all aspects of your field and find the most critical issue for the professionals operating in this sphere; Analyze previous studies and look at the available data. If numerous scholars have already discussed the topic, no one will be interested in another paper that repeats the well-known facts. Choosing a topic is not an easy cake as you will have to conduct a profound investigation before selecting the issue for further research. However, there is one strategy, which you can follow while developing your research topic: Conduct a background study. This step will help you get a big picture in mind and understand what subjects require precise attention. Brainstorm alternatives. Write several options, which you consider to be the best for your paper. You can consult a professor if you have difficulties with selecting the right variant. Identify the research question. Ask yourself what you want to get out of this study. What is your primary objective? Identify your approach to study. Decide whether you want to use primary or secondary data and consider how you will use it in the paper. This advice should assist you in the selection process and route you in the right direction. However, if you still experience difficulties with writing, the following 5 sample topics will provide you with great ideas: Implications of Diseases Outbreaks on the Agricultural Trade; Monitoring Weed and Pest Management Practices; Factors Affecting Labor Productivity in the Farming Sector; The Effect of Climate Change on the US Agriculture; Diversity in the US Agricultural Workforce. These topics are specific and relevant to the organizations operating in the agricultural sector. After you decide on the research question, you should carry out a study and state your findings in work. There is a set of recommendations that you should follow to make your work better and meet the professor’s demands. The Pre of How Our Writers Master It Before you get down to writing your agriculture research paper, consider the following points, which add to the value of your study. Organize notes. When you conduct preliminary research, make notes that will help you get a better understanding of the fundamental concepts. You should organize your records to ensure that you will not lose any essential data. Make a table or draw a chart to visualize the information. Develop a draft of the outline. Every paper should have a particular structure. Use the outline to guide you through the writing process. This step will help you keep the track of the research. Identify the main ideas. Look at the crucial points in your paper and write paragraphs, which will expand on these topics. In such a way, you will develop body paragraphs and place them in the right parts of your paper. Back up main points. Add more value to the paper using studies of renowned scholars. When you develop a point, look for scientists who have addressed the same issue and use their thoughts to support your own ideas. But, make sure you have cited the source correctly so you are not accused of plagiarism. Choose sources thoroughly. Cite credible sources only, which will provide you with the necessary information on the topic. Avoid using Wikipedia or blogs since they are not likely to be scientific databases. Cite sources in the draft. Provide citations to all information that you refer to articles, books, websites, etc. You should support your statements with arguments and cite the author, who shared the same ideas. Do not just restate findings of other studies, evaluate them. It is not enough just to summarize the information you have read in the articles and research papers. You should be able to analyze the data and provide your opinion on the point. Choose research methods. Decide on the research methods before you start writing. You should have a clear understanding of the research question and select the approach, which will fit the topic. For instance, if you are going to investigate diverse issues among the US agricultural workforce, you might consider conducting a series of interviews with professionals operating in this field. If you follow all these steps, it will help you analyze the information and look at the problem from different perspectives. When you have a big picture in mind, it is vital to structuralize your ideas correctly. How to Effectively Structure the Paper? Title. The title of the work is your hallmark as it tells a lot about your skills, subject knowledge, and proficiency. It is the part of the paper that is read the most among professors, so it is essential to make it informative, concise, and well-written. The main points that you should remember to capture the readers attention are: The title should not be too long. Read it several times and delete the words that do not speak much about the topic. Too short titles are too broad. Make your question specific and up to a point. No catchy phrases and non-specific language in academic writing. Use academic vocabulary and stick to the guidelines. Conjunctions do not start research papers. Nonetheless, you may use them at the beginning of the sentence to place an emphasis or underline the main point. For example, the title Yet One More Look at Agricultural Trade indicates that the author wants to analyze the previous works devoted to the topic. Thesis Statement. The thesis statement is the most important component of your paper as it contains the central message of your study and identifies what you stand for. It should include a claim that you will support in your writing. Additionally, this part of the work must be attention-grabbing as the reader should focus on this statement and keep it in mind until the end of the work. Besides, it needs to be focused and demonstrate your position on the topic. For example, if you argue that diversity in agricultural trade will positively affect the industry, you should mention it in the thesis statement. Body Paragraphs. Body paragraphs in the research contain all arguments that you will use to support your thesis statement. They expand on the research topic and explain the main ideas of the study. You should start the paragraph with a topic sentence, which describes what this part will be about. Pay precise attention to it and make sure it states a particular argument and tell a reader about some notion, phenomenon, problem finding, etc. Supporting sentences provide details to the main idea and help a writer to back up his/her topic statement. The Power of an Outline The research paper outline is a critical component of the work as it might alter the way a reader will interpret your findings. It profoundly affects the quality of the paper since a well-developed table of contents might speak a lot about your research, so it will provide a recipient with a general understanding of the research topic. The following tips will assist you in the development of a structured and well-perceived outline: Break your work down into meaningful parts. Analyze the content of the paper and identify the main points. Develop the main points and include them in the outline. They will provide a recipient with a clear structure for your work. Do not overload the outline with unnecessary points. They will make this part too long, which will confuse a reader. It is not the main part of the research paper, so it must be concise, but informative. An outline of the research paper cannot be too short. If you do not include all points of the study in the table of contents, a reader might skip this part and lose the track of the research. Include abstract and list of references. Develop your outline so that a professor understands that it contains all the necessary components of the research paper. Double check the page numbers. Make sure that the pages in the outline coincide with actual ones. Do not forget about introduction, conclusion, and appendixes. These parts frame your paper and make it structuralized. An introduction should lead a reader to the topic of your research and provide some background information about the scope of the study. Conclusion restates the thesis statement and summarizes the main points of the paper. An appendix is an optional part of the work. You might want to include pictures, tables, and charts, and this particular section is just responsible for this stuff. The Post-Writing Stage: Make Sure Your Paper Is a Masterpiece Editing. It is better to take some time before you edit your paper. From the first glance, it might seem that you have done perfectly well, and your professor will give you the highest score. However, after a while, you might realize that you forgot to add some essential information, which will lead to misunderstandings and frustration. That is why it is vital to look at the paper several times and focus your attention on the cohesion and coherence. You should check whether all ideas are logically linked and a reader is going to understand all the raised points in the work. Besides, it is excellent advice to give your work to your colleague or a friend and ask to summarize it after reading. This method will help you see whether all ideas are stated explicitly in the paper. Proofreading is one of the most critical stages. The research paper with grammar or spelling mistakes looks unprofessional. Nonetheless, students find it challenging to check their work at once. That is why it is better to proofread all parts immediately after you wrote them. This approach might help save time for additional editing and avoid common mistakes. Referencing. Do not forget to reference all the works that you have used in the research process. If you state the idea of the author without referencing his/her article or book, you might be accused of plagiarism. Therefore, it is better to check whether all sources are listed in the reference list. This agriculture research paper guide provides you with advice on how to craft the agriculture research paper that meets the essential requirements and sounds professionally. With time, you might develop your approach to academic writing and find your lifehacks. These agriculture research paper tips contain a set of points for those who experience difficulties with research papers.

Navajo Code Talkers

Navajo Code Talkers In United States history, the story of Native Americans is predominantly tragic. Settlers took their land, misunderstood their customs, and killed them in the thousands. Then, during World War II, the U.S. government needed the Navajos help. And though they had suffered greatly from this same government, Navajos proudly answered the call to duty. Communication is essential during any war and World War II was no different. From battalion to battalion or ship to ship - everyone must stay in contact to know when and where to attack or when to fall back. If the enemy were to hear these tactical conversations, not only would the element of surprise be lost, but the enemy could also reposition and get the upper hand. Codes (encryptions) were essential to protect these conversations. Unfortunately, though codes were often used, they were also frequently broken. In 1942, a man named Philip Johnston thought of a code he thought unbreakable by the enemy. A code based on the Navajo language. Philip Johnstons Idea The son of a Protestant missionary, Philip Johnston spent much of his childhood on the Navajo reservation. He grew up with Navajo children, learning their language and their customs. As an adult, Johnston became an engineer for the city of Los Angeles but also spent a considerable amount of his time lecturing about the Navajos. Then one day, Johnston was reading the newspaper when he noticed a story about an armored division in Louisiana that was attempting to come up with a way to code military communications using Native American personnel. This story sparked an idea. The next day, Johnston headed to Camp Elliot (near San Diego) and presented his idea for a code to Lt. Col. James E. Jones, the Area Signal Officer. Lt. Col. Jones was skeptical. Previous attempts at similar codes failed because Native Americans had no words in their language for military terms. There was no need for Navajos to add a word in their language for tank or machine gun just as there is no reason in English to have different terms for your mothers brother and your fathers brother - as some languages do - theyre just both called uncle. And often, when new inventions are created, other languages just absorb the same word. For example, in German a radio is called Radio and a computer is Computer. Thus, Lt. Col. Jones was concerned that if they used any Native American languages as codes, the word for machine gun would become the English word machine gun - making the code easily decipherable. However, Johnston had another idea. Instead of adding the direct term machine gun to the Navajo language, they would designate a word or two already in the Navajo language for the military term. For example, the term for machine gun became rapid-fire gun, the term for battleship became whale, and the term for fighter plane became hummingbird. Lt. Col. Jones recommended a demonstration for Major General Clayton B. Vogel. The demonstration was a success and Major General Vogel sent a letter to the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps recommending that they enlist 200 Navajos for this assignment. In response to the request, they were only given permission to begin a pilot project with 30 Navajos. Getting the Program Started Recruiters visited the Navajo reservation and selected the first 30 code talkers (one dropped out, so 29 started the program). Many of these young Navajos had never been off the reservation, making their transition to military life even more difficult. Yet they persevered. They worked night and day helping to create the code and to learn it. Once the code was created, the Navajo recruits were tested and re-tested. There could be no mistakes in any of the translations. One mistranslated word could lead to the death of thousands. Once the first 29 were trained, two remained behind to become instructors for future Navajo code talkers and the other 27 were sent to Guadalcanal to be the first to use the new code in combat. Having not gotten to participate in the creation of the code because he was a civilian, Johnston volunteered to enlist if he could participate in the program. His offer was accepted and Johnston took over the training aspect of the program. The program proved successful and soon the U.S. Marine Corps authorized unlimited recruiting for the Navajo code talkers program. The entire Navajo nation consisted of 50,000 people and by the end of the war 420 Navajo men worked as code talkers. The Code The initial code consisted of translations for 211 English words most frequently used in military conversations. Included in the list were terms for officers, terms for airplanes, terms for months, and an extensive general vocabulary. Also included were Navajo equivalents for the English alphabet so that the code talkers could spell out names or specific places. However, cryptographer Captain Stilwell suggested that the code be expanded. While monitoring several transmissions, he noticed that since so many words had to be spelled out, the repetition of the Navajo equivalents for each letter could possibly offer the Japanese an opportunity to decipher the code. Upon Captain Silwells suggestion, an additional 200 words and additional Navajo equivalents for the 12 most often used letters (A, D, E, I, H, L, N, O, R, S, T, U) were added. The code, now complete, consisted of 411 terms. On the battlefield, the code was never written down, it was always spoken. In training, they had been repeatedly drilled with all 411 terms. The Navajo code talkers had to be able to send and receive the code as fast as possible. There was no time for hesitation. Trained and now fluent in the code, the Navajo code talkers were ready for battle. On the Battlefield Unfortunately, when the Navajo code was first introduced, military leaders in the field were skeptical. Many of the first recruits had to prove the codes worth. However, with just a few examples, most commanders were grateful for the speed and accuracy in which messages could be communicated. From 1942 until 1945, Navajo code talkers participated in numerous battles in the Pacific, including Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Peleliu, and Tarawa. They not only worked in communications but also as regular soldiers, facing the same horrors of war as other soldiers. However, Navajo code talkers met additional problems in the field. Too often, their own soldiers mistook them for Japanese soldiers. Many were nearly shot because of this. The danger and frequency of misidentification caused some commanders to order a bodyguard for each Navajo code talker. For three years, wherever the Marines landed, the Japanese got an earful of strange gurgling noises interspersed with other sounds resembling the call of a Tibetan monk and the sound of a hot water bottle being emptied.Huddled over their radio sets in bobbing assault barges, in foxholes on the beach, in slit trenches, deep in the jungle, the Navajo Marines transmitted and received messages, orders, vital information. The Japanese ground their teeth and committed hari-kari.* The Navajo code talkers played a large role in the Allied success in the Pacific. The Navajos had created a code the enemy was unable to decipher. * Excerpt from the September 18, 1945 issues of the San Diego Union as quoted in Doris A. Paul, The Navajo Code Talkers (Pittsburgh: Dorrance Publishing Co., 1973) 99. Bibliography Bixler, Margaret T. Winds of Freedom: The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers of World War II. Darien, CT: Two Bytes Publishing Company, 1992.Kawano, Kenji. Warriors: Navajo Code Talkers. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Publishing Company, 1990.Paul, Doris A. The Navajo Code Talkers. Pittsburgh: Dorrance Publishing Co., 1973.

Example Sentences of the Verb Know

Example Sentences of the Verb Know This page provides example sentences of the verb Know in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form know / Past Simple knew / Past Participle known / Gerund knowing Present Simple He knows a lot of people in Paris. Present Simple Passive The President is known to be in trouble. Present Continuous None Present Continuous Passive None Present Perfect They have known each other for years. Present Perfect Passive The facts in the case have been known since last year. Present Perfect Continuous None Past Simple She knew it was time to leave. Past Simple Passive The story was known by all in the room. Past Continuous None Past Continuous Passive None Past Perfect They had known about the problem before they told him. Past Perfect Passive The problem had been known about by all before they told him. Past Perfect Continuous None Future (will) She will know its you. Future (will) passive You will be known by everybody in the room. Future (going to) She is going to know the answer soon. Future (going to) passive The answer is going to be known at the end of the lesson. Future Continuous None Future Perfect They will have known Jack for twenty years by the end of this month. Future Possibility She might know the answer. Real Conditional If she knows the answer, she will tell you. Unreal Conditional If she knew the answer, she would tell you. Past Unreal Conditional If she had known the answer, she would have told you. Present Modal Andy should know the answer. Past Modal Andy should have known the answer. Quiz: Conjugate with Know Use the verb to know to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. They _____ about the problem before they told him.The President _____ to be in trouble.The facts in the case _____ since last year.They _____ Jack for twenty years by the end of this month.If she _____ the answer, she will tell you.The story _____ by all in the room at the trial yesterday.They _____ each other for years.He _____ a lot of people in Paris.If she _____ the answer, she would have told you.She _____ its you. Quiz Answers had knownis knownhave been knownwill have knownknowswas knownhave knownknowshad knownwill know

Final Project Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Project Plan - Assignment Example Thus project management plan contains necessary planning to meet the project objectives; however, as the project progresses and more information is made available the project management plan is progressively elaborated, a process called â€Å"rolling wave planning† (PMBOK 2008). A project management plan contains its subsidiary plans including cost, schedule, resource, risk, quality, communication, procurement and scope management plans. Besides this project management plan also contains the procedure for change control management and configuration management for monitoring and controlling changes and approving the changes to the project (Mulcahy 2011). This case study pertains to development of a project management plan for the Seismic Zone Residential Construction Improvement Program undertaken by Research and Development unit of Property Development Department of the Government (PDDG). Flexible Models (FM) is a company that specializes in developing to-the-scale industrial models for building manufacturing plants, refinery process plants, and public usage buildings, such as halls and shopping malls. PDDG is working to assess the effectiveness of the boxes of a particular dimension used in the foundation of buildings. The project management plan for this project is elaborated below. Project Management Plan Project Objectives Project objective is to design, cut, assemble and deliver the boxes on the client’s location and assess the effectiveness of the scaled dimensions used in the foundations of the building. Project Scope Statement Wysocki (2009) recommends project team to follow a linear project management life cycle for successful completion of the project objectives. The project manager and project team should collect in wiring the requirements of stakeholders and conduct interviews to assess their needs, wants and expectations to review the project scope. This would allow the project team to finalize project scope and product specifications and come up with estimates of time and cost for comprehensive project planning. Project Deliverables Deliverables include the outcomes of the project processes that comprise the intended product or service. It also includes the auxiliary results such as reports and documentations. According to PMBOK (2008), it is essential to have processes for defining, verifying and accepting the final deliverables of the project. Given the project scope statement, project deliverables are described either in detail on summary level depending upon the availability of the information in a particular project phase (Mulcahy 2011). In our particular case, project deliverable is boxes of following specifications The size must be 300 x 250 x 200 cm with a slot of 10 x 10 x 25 cm. The tolerance on outer dimensions must be +/-2 cm. The tolerance on dimensions of the slot must be 0 to -3 mm in width. In short, the slot cannot be more than 10 x 10 cm. It should be made of cardboard or metal sheet. It shoul d be mad

Report on Religious Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Report on Religious Field Research - Essay Example Religion forms the epicenter of human being’s social life. This paper intends to examine the Buddhism religion by attending a church service and interacting with the members of this faith. The church service attendance intends to serve as a channel to understand fully the sentimental attachments of the members to the faith through observation. More over, information will be sought through interviewing. The church of attendance is the Oregon Buddhist Temple in the Northwest District in Oregon (Ganeri, 2002). Further, this paper intends to incorporate any misconceptions that were realized after finding more information about the religion. Further, more this paper will test personal assumptions and perceptions of Buddhism through the intended interaction. Buddhism is one of the most common religions in the globe.    Its roots go back to 563 B.C.E. when Siddhartha Gautama was born.    Gautama is commonly referred to as the â€Å"Buddha†, which means the â€Å"Awakened One† (Ganeri, 2002).    Buddhism spread speedily all over Asia and other parts of the world. However, this religion remained practically unfamiliar in the West until the last half century.       â€Å"The Western scholars; writers and artists, philosophers and the arrival of Asian immigrants brought diverse forms of Buddhism to North America, Australia and Europe† formed the main channels through, which the teachings and beliefs attributed to Buddhism spread to other parts of the world (Wilkinson & Teague, 2003). My mother, and her close friend, Nhu Lan Nguyen (Lan) are representatives of immigrants from Vietnam who brought the principles of Buddhism to the US following the War of Vietnam. It is imperative to note that, Buddhism arose as a Spartan movement during the period of Brahman custom (Gethin, 1998).    Discuss any misconceptions you had about the religion you researched Having been raised in a Roman Catholic family, attending a Buddhist church seemed to be unbelievable, but because of clearing the misconception, I went on to attend Buddhist service. I attended the Oregon Buddhist Temple with one of my friend who is Buddhist. In the temple, I encountered numerous believers who turned out to be friendly, welcoming and courteous. In fact, this context made the research interview easier since, the members were ready to share their experience and beliefs on the Buddhism religion (Wilkinson & Teague, 2003). My misconceptions about the Buddhism religion were dual-pointed. The first misconception is about the Buddhism culture as being foreign and whimsical. The fact that, I did not understand beliefs and values attributed to the religion, I did not imagine that Buddhism religion existed in the real world. I assumed that, the whole picture about Buddhism, I acquired from books and other sources of the media, represented fantastical and fictional works for entertainment. However, from the outset of the service, a keen consideration and study of the set of beliefs set me to the basic level of understanding that Buddhism is a religion that people practice like any other religion (Wilkinson & Teague, 2003). The second misconception is that of believing that, all religions conduct the series and prayers the same way. I misconceived this belief because I thought if all religions belief in one creator, God, then, the God is served in the same way. This was not then case after attending the Buddhism service, settings were different, prayers and services were conducted differently. Analyze how

Niklas Luhmanns theory of the Mass Media System Essay

Niklas Luhmanns theory of the Mass Media System - Essay Example It reveals the twofold reality of the media between its own internal system and the reality it provides for the society externally. According to Luhmann, the mass media is made up of recursive, self-referencing communication programs whose functions are not directed by external values of knowledge, truthfulness or objectivity, political directives or specific social interests. Instead, Luhmann agrees that the functioning of the mass media is directed by the internal code information/non-information which allows the system to choose its information/news from its own environment. The mass media then communicates this information depending on its own reflective criteria (Luhmann 36). The basis for Luhmann’s theoretical construct was public suspicion of the mass media. According to Luhmann, we get to know about our society and the world in general through the mass media. This also includes our knowledge on nature. However, we are not in a position to trust this information because of the many things that we know about the mass media. This creates a contradiction which basically forms the unique modern and productive features of the mass media. First, the mass media can be compared with other social systems like science, law, business and politics which form operationally closed systems. Secondly, the cognition of mass media is self-referencing and closed. This is a feature that is only found in systems. This means that they have not distinguished the reality which they communicate daily reports, news and advertising as expected from the image they present. Instead, they create it. Although the created reality arises selectively, it is socially relevant and maintains its validity as long us we understand how it is developed, produced and consumed. The usual way of dealing with the contradiction in the mass media is to suspect that there is some form of manipulation in the

Nervous systems,function and survival Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nervous systems,function and survival - Essay Example Sensory nervous system for instance sends viable information across to the CNS. The kind of information send through this channel is mostly gotten from external stimuli or from internal organs. From the CNS, the cells from the motor nervous system will carry loads of relevant information to organs, glands and muscles (Rudolf, 2008). Some elements of the nervous system perform such vital functions as contracting the bladder, constricting pupils as well as inhibiting heart rates. These are done by the parasympathetic division of the nervous system. On the same breath, the sympathetic division reverses these by speeding up the heart rate, relaxing the bladder and even dilating the pupils. This is in form of corrective measure to avert potential danger that accelerated heart rate can come with. It is said that each and every emotion that one experiences has to pass through the central nervous system. The CNS plays a pivotal role to initiate certain systems of reactions as soon as it is t riggered. As soon as the CNS starts to facilitate these systems, thoughts, experiences and movements, it does so to reach the rest of the body through organs, neurons and cells. A sense of balance is also vital to the body. This means that the body may want to stick to a strict mode of operation. The CNS manages to assist the body do this so as to enable one survive. Response to situations that are considered stressful are also controlled as much as possible, mostly through the launch of adrenaline that makes the stress patterns have little or no effect on the rest of the body. The CNS also manages to regulate serotonim production which has adverse effects on daily functions of life like desire for sex, hunger and sleep (Valery, 2006). The human body has immune system that contains various organs. These organs have billions of cells that function towards facilitating immunity. The endocrine system always releases hormones that support CNS so as to enable people or animals survive. T he white blood cells are the major stars in this effort as they check for foreign invaders in circulation of the blood. They facilitate immune response and fight against any unwanted materials that may invade the blood or the tissues. Living with stress tends to threaten the stability of an individual or an animal, and therefore homeostasis tends to restore the balance by responses that are either behavioral or physiological to attack intruders. The severity by which the intruders attack will act to activate the CNS which will in turn appoint the relevant adaptive responses. In this way the body stays quite safe and has the ability to fight diseases (Valery, 2006). Doctors have pointed out in studies that inflammations are the major causes of degenerative and chronic diseases like allergies, arthritis, cancer, diabetes chronic fatigue, heart disease, lupus as well as many other diseases. This form of inflammation causes strong response witnessed from immune systems against pathogens that cause illness and physical injury. All these diseases have adverse effects on the immune system especially if they occur alongside stress. The immune system will be overcrowded and hence weakened leading to a compromise state of affairs in the immune system and hence this exposes people to many other illnesses (Rudolf, 2008). Hormones release is majorly done to facilitate

Strategy case analyses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategy case analyses - Assignment Example According to the European Commission, & Statistical Office of the European Communities (2007), in recent years, tourism has become the largest and most progressive industry with international revenues generated in tourism in 2011 reaching about 1.030 billion dollars. The market share of new destinations-former transitional, underdeveloped and developing countries have been on the rise. Their market share has increased from 30 percent in the 80’s to 47 percent in 2011 and was estimated to reach 57% by the end of 2013 (p 23). In many countries, tourism is the preferred option for economic and social development and it is, therefore, included in their political and developmental strategies. An example is Kenya, where tourism is the core of the economy after agriculture. Tourism is an unpredictable industry influence by a number of factors. Events like economic recession, natural disasters, terrorism acts, weather conditions and government policies significantly affect this industry. These determine where and how people spend their holidays. For example, an increase in the frequency of terror attacks and bombing may cause governments to issue travel advisories and alerts to its people not to visit the affected areas. This industry relies on advertisement and promotional tactics employed by the travel companies, governments and airlines. For example, in the UK, the Tourist Information Center (TIC) located all over the country serves the purpose of promoting and marketing tourism to local and international tourists. The key players in this industry in the UK include travel agents and tour operators like Thomas Cook and low cost airlines like Jet2, Easy Jet, Monarch and Ryaniar. Companies identify and implement a strategic plan by matching its capabilities with the demands of its environment in this process. It analyzes the initiatives and measures undertaken by top management in a company regarding resources and performance in

A research into Sick Building Syndrome who suffers more male or female Coursework - 1

A research into Sick Building Syndrome who suffers more male or female - Coursework Example When twenty percent or more of a building’s occupants complain of these conditions, it is said that these individuals may be suffering from sick building syndrome (Akovali, 2007). Sick building syndrome is described as a condition wherein a group of people in the same building or similar structure experiences acute health symptoms which improves or disappears once they go out of the building. These symptoms include headache; irritated eyes, nose, and throat; cough; dry and itchy skin; dizziness and nausea; inability to concentrate; sensitivity to odours; and fatigue. Its underlying cause remains unclear. However most attribute the phenomenon to inadequate building ventilation, contaminants and stress (Fraser, 2008). According to the study by Bischof and Bullinger (1998), symptoms of sick building syndrome were reported on both air-conditioned and naturally-ventilated buildings. However, incidents of SBS were more evident in poorly maintained air-conditioned buildings. Inadequate building ventilation. At the start of the 20th century, building ventilation standards set the ventilation rate to 15 cubic feet per minute per occupant. However, the oil crisis in the 1970s caused a reduction of ventilation rates to 5 cfm. The reduced flow of outdoor air was discovered to cause discomfort and acute health symptoms among the building’s occupants. In order to minimize energy use and attain an acceptable Indoor Air Quality level, the American National Standards Institute / American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers had updated its ventilation standard to 20 cfm for office spaces (Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Airborne contaminants. Ventilation systems for office buildings usually acquire air from the outside. As outdoor air gets inside the building, it also brings airborne contaminants. Sources of contaminants include motor vehicle fumes, plumbing and building exhausts;

Strategy case analyses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategy case analyses - Assignment Example According to the European Commission, & Statistical Office of the European Communities (2007), in recent years, tourism has become the largest and most progressive industry with international revenues generated in tourism in 2011 reaching about 1.030 billion dollars. The market share of new destinations-former transitional, underdeveloped and developing countries have been on the rise. Their market share has increased from 30 percent in the 80’s to 47 percent in 2011 and was estimated to reach 57% by the end of 2013 (p 23). In many countries, tourism is the preferred option for economic and social development and it is, therefore, included in their political and developmental strategies. An example is Kenya, where tourism is the core of the economy after agriculture. Tourism is an unpredictable industry influence by a number of factors. Events like economic recession, natural disasters, terrorism acts, weather conditions and government policies significantly affect this industry. These determine where and how people spend their holidays. For example, an increase in the frequency of terror attacks and bombing may cause governments to issue travel advisories and alerts to its people not to visit the affected areas. This industry relies on advertisement and promotional tactics employed by the travel companies, governments and airlines. For example, in the UK, the Tourist Information Center (TIC) located all over the country serves the purpose of promoting and marketing tourism to local and international tourists. The key players in this industry in the UK include travel agents and tour operators like Thomas Cook and low cost airlines like Jet2, Easy Jet, Monarch and Ryaniar. Companies identify and implement a strategic plan by matching its capabilities with the demands of its environment in this process. It analyzes the initiatives and measures undertaken by top management in a company regarding resources and performance in

The Electoral College is a critical tool in American electoral Essay

The Electoral College is a critical tool in American electoral system.Define and assess the Electoral College and how it has or has not encouraged political participation by the citizenry - Essay Example A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the president. The state’s entitled allotment of electors equals the number of members in its congressional delegation. Electoral College has not encouraged political participation by citizens especially since it is inherently undemocratic and gives the small states additional powers to prevent politicians from focusing only on issues which affect the larger states. The fear being without power, politicians would completely ignore small states and focus only on big population centers. The Electoral College favors the smaller states with disproportionate voting power in electing the President and the Vice President. On the other hand, advocates of the system say that this uneven power forces politicians to pay attention to smaller states which would otherwise be ignored. Except in closely fought swig states, voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states. The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party might gain from encouraging voter turnout, except in those swig state (Hewson 15). In conclusion, the Electoral College is a critical tool in the electoral system of America. Even though the Electoral College does not encourage political participation by the citizenry, the electors are an important component of the Electoral College and each vote cast for the President and the Vice President determines the future exercise of power in the

Occupational Health and Safety Management System Development

Occupational Health and Safety Management System Development INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In recent years, there have high number of occupational death and injury to occur in warehouse. This number of occupational accident not only damage for worker. This also is a greatly affect the productivity of society. Follow the Government statistics result in 2005, there have HK$ 1.02 billion compensation to injury worker and their family. This table are show the number of accident are decrease from 35,986 to 33,652 is decreasing compare with one year. Furthermore in economic way, after accident are also affect team morale, feeling and productivity. Under the statistics result to find that about 1.7 million sick leave day after occupational accident to lead the economic loss. In individual way, not only physically damage for worker. In psychology way, are also needs to pay more time to recovery and step by step to build up their working feeling to improve the productivity. To reduced the number of occupational accident and injury in warehouse and workplace. Need to evaluate and analyses more detail before setup the workplace. So that why we need to depend on Occupational safety and health management systems. Apply technical simulation, research and analysis the normally cause of injury and accident from unsafe workplace, environment, insufficient safety facility, unsafety working behavior with worker. In Fig 2 are separate to three main industry field to make more easily to evaluate and make technical comparison and convenience to analysis the data to make some decision Before to analysis and evaluate the cause of occupational accident. Firstly to study occupational guideline and review cause to evaluate the potential hazards in the existing or in progress workplace environment. In Fig 3 are show the potential hazards in site are damage to the worker. Cause the accident are the mild steel board are pressing to his leg. Then organize the good safety and occupational management specific system for specific work place. This mean not all-occupational management system can fully satisfy for all warehouse and workplace. But following the previous case, In real condition to analysis their right safety attitude and his working method from worker and operator is very difficult to know. So need to really understand specific workplace for different condition and different ways. For example: Occupational accident involves human, tools or machine and workplace. In human way, require knowing worker or employee working background, enough safety aware knowledge and operation experience for employer reference. Furthermore in external ways are also become factor to affect the employee working performance. It can include working duration; temperature, actual workplace, and rest time are really enough provide for employee to reduce mental fatigue. Try to study those following factors to establish for the occupational safety and health system for different working area. Then to use this effective human and environment data to redesign or rearrange to reduce or prevent the occupational accident and improve the confident for their job. Our goals have been try to really know the main cause depends on operators perspective and his working experience. Furthermore can apply this knowledge or experience to establish solid know base to prevent or reduce the occupational accidents in warehouse or industry field and improve to high standard of occupational and health in Hong Kong. 1.2 AIMS These aims of the final year project are introduce the occupational and management system in warehouse and to analyze this management system for some simulation approach. 1.3 OBJECTIVES 1. To develop and set up a safety and health management system. 2. To determine the major cause of occupational accident in warehouse. 1.4 METHODOLOGY To satisfy the objectives, this report can divide into two parts. The first part is collect major data from our warehouse. The second part is using the result to improve the safety and health management for warehouse. In the first part, we step by step to collect and research some data from the working location. We need to record the working behavior and observe their working process to analyze their working sequence. And then base on their working process to find out which working process will cause occupational accident. That following data I will collect from my part time job location in the garment warehouse. And I will develop the safety and management system to help for this warehouse to reduce number of accident. This following data for case study will show into next part, such as causes of accident, working environment. For these case studies, warehouse supervisors and staffs are interview from survey Questionnaire. From this questionnaire will list number of possible cause can lead the occupational accident. The survey result will show in the following chapter. 1.5 Organization This case study is divided into eight chapters and following the sequence to satisfy the project objective. Then will list the introduction of content. Chapter One Introduction Chapter One is introduces the background, objective, aims and methodology of the case study in the listed chapter. Chapter Two Literature Review Chapter Two will separate into six sections, in the first part will overview different type of stages of safety and health management system. System structure, simulation, and implementation. Chapter Three System Design In chapter three will show my possible system design. Firstly to collect the real data, make some case analysis and use simulation software to simulate the cause of accident. The method will show in this following chapter. Furthermore, the format of the survey questionnaire is shown in the below. Then the possible cause of accident will also list in the literature review. This purpose can fulfill the achievement for the objective. Which criteria of accident cause will choose more detail in this chapter and fulfill objective 1. Chapter Four Result Survey Questionnaire Chapter four will list the following result and problem finding from the questionnaire. Depend on the serious mistake and then analysis the result. Then will present the survey result into this chapter. From the analysis result to calculate the mark and using statistical method to present which condition will easily to have occupational accident. This following result can satisfy the objective 2. Chapter Five Discussion In Chapter five, It will group some similar data from each survey. According the relevant result or pattern of warehouse accident cause. After that to following the average to arrange the importance level from workers feedback. Next part of this chapter Chapter Six Conclusion Chapter Six is the final chapter for evaluates the analyzing result. Depend on the result and develop the suitable occupational and safety management system for this warehouse to prevent accident to make worker injury. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This following aim for this chapter are show the literature review related for the occupational and safety health management system, cause of occupational accident for real case. Firstly to divide into two part. One part is Cause of warehouse occupational accident and next part is safety and health system. As the cases are depend on various components and different situation will make different warehouse accident occurrence, Moreover are included some tasks with workplace design, implementation, and outcome will be discussed. In the next part, these purposes for make a summary for different types and possible accident in the warehouse and notice in the different literatures. Then will classify this possible cause, and make details revision for different cause to find out the cause of accident in warehouse. 2.2 Definition of Terms 2.2 Definition of Occupational Safety and Health Definitions A definition of safety and health means in the working area with cross-disciplinary have safety facilities, protection, and health for the worker. The goal is provide the safe working environment for all occupational fields. The purpose is protecting for the employer, employee, client, and workers family, supplier, public and community work by the work place. Such as public health field, occupational medicine, ergonomics, industrial field in production factory, warehouse, construction site. 2.3 Definition of Safety and Health Management System Occupational safety and health management system is integration management method to reduce risk in work place. It followed safety guidelines and reassigns this process need to teamwork support and management leadership to monitor the status. Depend on different business organization to form based conclusions and various results. And require higher usage rate of the safety and management system than type selected. It should be provide good atmosphere for implement the occupational safety and health to implement and practices. 2.4 Structure of Safety and Health Management System Structure of Safety and Health Management System are divide into SIX main criteria is Planning, Developing, Organizing, Implementing, Measuring and Reviewing. 2.4.1 Planning Planning is procedure to evaluate which criteria should be to complete. Firstly to classify which safety and health task should be suitable to apply in warehouse and use relevant Safety and Health Management Regulation. Then will accord sequence for the safety and health object to design and achieve that. Furthermore need accomplish this safety object may be lead to arise the financial and usage of resource. Secondly, for the management team need to determine the initial stage to analysis for existing safety and health system to make are some lay outs. Then will make some estimation to define the priorities of working process for risk management control and hazard reduction. After will setup the standards for the system outcome. Later should be make regular status assessment to analysis for the safety and health system in the daily process. Additionally, there are detail to show how to define the initial status analysis, regular analyses and risk estimation is shown as follows a) Initial status analysis This is a measuring step to find out exist job location are focus the importance of the safety and health business for the initial in the warehousing in progress. It should be first time to setup done in the safety management system depend on the proprietor of the working process. Furthermore, the employer should provide enough facility to worker for the Safety Management Regulation properly. b) Regular status analyses After operate initial status analysis, employer need to keep regularly applying the improving safety and health management system in warehouse continuously. The safety officer or supervisor should be classify the scope and regularly to apply assessment for analysis to be following: ~ The problem findings / safety and health management system revision ~ Introduce usage the new technology ~ Rearrange in management of organizational structure. c) Risk Estimation This aims for planning task, risk estimation is apply to test and establish the data file for overall risk in warehouse operation Then the problem findings will apply into the formula to create the risk reduce strategy, assign the safety and health object and set up the performance standards and object priorities. Basic procedure in risk estimation include as follow: 1) Classify of potential hazards This is procedures of classify all-important and potential hazards are related into working process and need to concern the damage of the user. 2) Evaluation for risk This is the procedure of the evaluation for specific subject of risk with every potential hazard that suppose each facility are in control in workplace, and decide the effective task and the result of their failure. Then need to concern if the risk assessment have some tolerance, if the tolerance occur, the supervisors need input into record which in or out of the statutory standard are also need to transform to international approve standards. If the risk can met or lower for the suitable level that will take it into tolerance counted. After the potential risk evaluation, there is elimination and reduction task to classify and for control purpose: i) Setup safety and health process and potential control standard The safety and health process should be no tolerance during the developing. ii) Maintenance and Carry out the safety and health process It should be appropriately to support and implement the Safety and health process and risk control. In the other hand, risk management control should be kept in effective. iii) Review of safety procedures and risk control measures Regular review is necessary for safety process and risk control. Need to be keeping in suspect way check the system isnt in function. When the critical change occurs is also related. After the risk assessment will discuss into next part. 3) Assign person for implementation The safety officer or supervisor needs to select a reliable staff or worker to implement analyses in progress and risk assessment. This reliable person should have: (a) Make sure this person should be keeping the system in progress. (b) Provide a technical training course and practice to earn the management experience. 2.4.2 Developing This is a process to how to achieve the safety and health management system 1) Following this status, the warehouse supervisor need to be clearly explain approval safety and health policy and document with specific objective in the initial planning status and make sure that policy involve this following agreement : i) To accomplish a high quality standard of safety and health to promise to met minimum requirements and regular to practice to keep in high performance. ii) The first line supervisor should be have primary responsibilities to create the occupational safety and health system to keep in progress. iii) Offer enough resource to carry out the system iv) Make sure acquaintance, maintenance the system, carry out the system for each level of management system. v) Ensure each worker can provide sufficient safety knowledge and training to work for their job and responsibilities. vi) Provide the regular review the management system. 2) Implement the safety and health system by the supervisors should be provides and arranges effective management planning for specific objective. i) Distinctly direction to lead to supervisor and manager cooperate with worker to achieve the specific target of the safety and health management system. This safety and health management system should be setup in the industrial and warehouse undertaking for first line management team, collect opinion and more helpfully for safety and health individually. All worker and different grade of manager should be participating for each stage of safety and health system. Not fixed format of the safety plan for how detail and pattern. Furthermore, the plan should be describe the policy of the safety plan, specific objective and which level of standard can be accomplish, measuring level. Then the key point should be set it out: a) Fully preparation for supervises the management plan to be success. b) Apply the management system should be implement and well prepare each component into industrial field. c) The responsibilities should be properly to assign into safety and health system. For necessary use, it should be include safety guidebook, method statement, and safety manual. Every level of managers, supervisors and worker should clearly understand the plan and their duty and focus in implementation. Developing the effective sharing system in structure. Lastly, safety and health plan need to fixed period to revise or review to improve the system more effective. 2.4.3 Organizing This is a communication and sharing procedure of the relationship between user and resources control in the working structure to complete their goal. The proprietor should be mention for relevant industrial is needed: i) Fully synthesized in the industrial field and apply into each process by different size of jobs. ii) Appropriate to provide enough money and can suitable fit the company size and characteristic for policy in progress should be suitable to developing and maintaining the parts of the safety and health management system. iii) It should be organize by have industrial field experience staff to set up and provide practice more efficient and effectively. To from a similar industrial field iv) To assigned responsibilities of safety and health for each staff. iv) To assign the operation for the safety member, a safety department/unit/group (safety officer means a person employed as a safety officer in an industrial undertaking under the Factories) vii) Need to offer authority to implement their safety and health responsibilities viii) Make a meeting to sharing the occupational and safety and health information more effectively. 2.4.4 Implementing This is the process of carrying out or applying the practice and training into accomplish the specific purpose. Make sure that have enough manipulate and applicable control for the performance followed in the management plans. Follow this step, the employer of a relevant industrial field is needed: i) To evaluate and carry out the plan to classify the risk and then can fulfill the legal standard as well to mention the safety management. ii) Need to provide enough monitoring and make sure that plan can effectively to carry out. iii) Well prepare and keep providing adequate documentation work to record and keep checking the management progress in the work place. iv) Well design the emergency system plans for special situation and keep it system into critical precedence. 2.4.5 Measuring This is a process for checking the management system performance to against legal standard to let them know where has potential risk need to control and improve. Furthermore to let them know which objective can fulfill the objective or not. In this measuring part, this part will derive the feedback system for this stage for system development and implementation and then to enhance ability of the system maintain to reduce the risk and continues keep it efficiency. Following this stage, the proprietor of an industrial field is needed: i) to implement the monitoring review, such as, hardware inspections (for example : machine, plant and building) and software inspections (such as : human, working process and working system), ii) Especially for supervisors, team leader have responsibilities to compactly monitor the performance of the safety and health management system iii) To implement the monitoring of the potential hazard management control, such as supervise of occupational accident, health display demonstrator and near misses. iv) To make decision for the immediate situation of performance and classify the potential causes and to involve for the system design and system operation of the safety and health management. v) To correct whichever situation identified during in the monitoring and checking process. vi) During the observation procedure to develop and carrying out status to continuously to get the opinion information to improve the safety and health management system in working operation. 2.4.6 Reviewing These mean to implement to estimate performance in regular monitoring of safety and health management system. Auditing is construct the feedback systeminto planning stage which to enhance, maintain and establish more effectively to prevent the risk occurs. In addition, the information sharing and flowing into the planning, developing implementing and maintenance stages. In the other hand, reviewing stage also can make sure that working process be correct of the safety and health management system. Following this reviewing stage, the employer of warehouse field is needed: i) To periodic a safety auditor or safety officer to regularly present safety audits review with sections 13 or 19 of the Safety Management Regulation. ii) To setup facilities, safety information for the safety officer review proposes of safety regular evaluate according sections 14 or 20 of the Safety Management Regulation iii) When safety review assessment hand-in to take the appropriate action, such as design the safety and management plan improvement and carrying out the management system in sections 16 and 22 iv) Regularly to receive the opinion information from the safety assessment and audit for modify the planning, developing, organizing and implementing stages to step by step to improve the safety and health management system in working procedure. Safety and Health management system model can be diagram summarized for the following: Management model to develop, implement and maintain a safety management system Fig.4 Safety and Health Management Structure Model Legend Information Link Control Link Chapter Three System Design In chapter three will show my possible system design. Firstly to collect the real data, make some case analysis and use simulation software to simulate the cause of accident. The method will show in this following chapter. 3.1 SAFETY CONCEPT The purpose of this section to make a basic introduction of the safety system concept and indicate some methods by different potential hazard can be produce. This is very important for the system users and system maker of the safety simulation to clearly know the concept of safety and expect which type of risks are show in the simulation. As you know, there are no fully dependable way to prevent hazard during the working process of safety and health system. Safety concepts difficult for each people fully understand. But we can also say liberty for working place situation can make body damage, death, tools and equipment damage. So we try to develop the safety system to make safe completely, but sometime design safety system is need to concede system performance and function for some design change. If we following to apply the system into warehouse, the safety system to be effective, but the system are also have some remnants of risk can need accept. After that will be have more interrelate with external condition, then the remnants if risk will need to keep going to solve from safety system. It reminds that no any system can fully to prevent all the risk from safety system, no matter what the system is really outstanding can manage external condition and worker actions are also cannot perfectly to reduce all accident in warehouse. On the other hand, if insert too many of safety characteristic into safety system may be affect the original goal for the warehouse. The level of safety function is needed to concede based on the level of accident. The potential hazard caused by the people, tools and equipment and working condition are mixed together to make a possible to occur. Such as, a potential hazard apply in normal procedure, but the working area are existing a number of worker will cause high hazard for the worker. 3.2 System design lay out Fig 5 The Safety System In this warehouse environment, this is mixed system that includes people, working process, workplace, and product. There also are important criteria for this process. That complicated system is involving high frequency of interaction with external working environment. This system can apply into different way of workplace to define number of potential risk. Contrarily, we can apply the result and data to demonstrate and analysis the number of potential hazards. Then apply this system to prevent and reduce the high potential risk. 3.3 Basic Accident Mode Accident is an unexpected event during in working process that also causes unexpectable damage for worker, destroy the production process, and may be loss the life during the process. Furthermore, we find that result basically in control mechanisms, potential hazards, working exposure and beginning of implementation, that following long chain criteria to from accident. In unsophisticated way can define that has potential hazard situation, then to start implement the event, that following the event order to acquire the result form accident. In real situation, that potential risk is existing, but we can control by a number of confirmative control mechanisms. Fig 6 Basic Accident Mode In the accident model way the accident appears in accident model way, this means the control mechanisms are failure. The model of Basic Accident had shown in Fig 6. Later will present more complicated model with number of accident chains with different potential risk situation to pass through and number of control mechanisms by passed when the accident appear. There is the complicated model to show in basic accident mode and try to indicate the point during into the number of effect in accident control to analysis to prevent the chance of accident appearing. Fig 7 Loop of Accident Feedback Figure 7 present the loops of feedback and identify what is suitable way to manage the safety and health system. After we receiving this opinion and according this follows mechanisms to classify for the information system for safety purpose. And each criteria insert into accident chain and is a chance to indicated the potential risk, reported the accident details and apply the control mechanisms to reduce the unsafe and potential hazard. The function of loop A is provide the minimum requisition for safety system and construct the accident reports to show the details and unwanted incidents. But this posting may not actually to prevent in the initial accident and not sometime to make a good effect to avoid the accidents occur in the future for insert into the statistical analysis to solve the system of safety and health management issue. The loop B is normally lower frequency to carry out and open-heart and regularly to report of dangerous acts. There are the precursors for the accident, Loop B can assign for the safety control. Loop C and Loop D are commonly more operative and apply for the proactive safety and health management and for classify potential hazard circumstances in the early status during in the chain. That following significant concept is suitable for simulation condition, and partly cause for technical accidents. Two important fail identification applied in active and latent in the basic concept in this model. Beginning the design, establish and operate the safety and health simulation system. A. There is meaning of the mistake or to contravene will have contrary effect immediately. These active failures are normally to relate into the worker activity during in the safety and health management system. These modes of active failures are not famous to apply into the system during into decision making in not approval. B. On the other hand, there is some decision-making and some operation which to make the condition without immediate reaction. They create this condition will to hibernate in long period of time till to touch off the action when the accident to appear. These means the latent failures are famous able to apply for the system from the operator to take out from the operation immediately. 3.4 Potential Hazard management and control flow When a number of risk and hazard occur can be to calculate for reduce, prevent and easily to control. Figure 8 plates in a risk identify method process. It clearly to show that can fully satisfy the requirement to reduce and prevent the hazard appears from the system design, but if cannot satisfy for different criteria to manage the potential hazard. There are following ways had be provide, provide the system training for the system users and setting the warning system for notice the users. Fig 8 Hazard preventable Flowchart However, if can classify the potential risk can be maximize to eliminated and to spread the possibility for long remain. These can transfer the remnant risk to safety and health system operator for control. Fig 9 Change of Remnant and Unclassified hazard As shown the diagram 9, the remnant risks are mixed into classified hazard which to consider that acceptable. Then the cognitive risks are transfer to users, they indicate for them to manage the document and link up to users. 3.5 Criteria FOR SIMULATION SAFETY This is a large size of safety and health guideline for applies into the simulation area. a) The judgements and care the safety and health simulation by authorized people. b) Provide safety support and safety advice in working place and other working area. c) Through latent and active failures to introduce in the comprehensive condition. d) Comprehensive working environments can advise their working area have owned potential risk as simulation the sickness and prevent the negative training. e) Need to mention the software and resources to reapply for new system and other new working objective. f) When issue the simulation need to concern the backgrounds of workers can select their different safety attitudes and standards, and safety technique level. It can prevent the hazards during the safety simulation system. Fig 10 Life Cycle System The capability system can operated and progress through the life cycle and therefore included five phases. This process in the beginning stage for classify from new capability and obtain from proceeds, services support. Then the safety simulation needs to concern the life cycle for system complete. Under the safety and health system are need to prepare the life cycle of the simulation system. 3.6 Key of Safety control The simulation life cycle are processing are involved a number of tasks. When processing the system is need to planning in the beginning stage for test and analysis activities. Apply this safety and health management system is demand to passing through all existing stage of simulation life cycle. Furthermore, also have number of safety and health management activities are also involve for different phase of a life cycle system are shown in Fig 10. And detail define total safety and health management events are need to documented information, and involve a number of management activities are applying independently. Then will applied in unfailingly method is passing through to organization. Following the pre-determined planing of the safety and management activities to present the systematic format. Fig 11 Safety Activity for each Life Cycle stage Safety Activity to be involved the Life Cycle stage Stage 0 Stage 1 Sage 2